Whether a noun is countable or uncountable does not depend on any unchangeable logic of the universe. It depends on the grammar of the language that we use. Rules of grammar are not decided human beings to tell us how to behave - they are simply a description of the language as it is actually spoken or written. If you stop the average English-speaker in the streets of London, New York or Sydney, and ask them how they tell the difference between countable and uncountable nouns, they will look at you as if you are mad. Native speakers know by instinct that you say 'How many people?' and not 'How much people?' and that 'a little money' is right while 'a few money' is wrong. We don't think to ourselves 'Is this word countable or uncountable?' before we speak or write - we just know instinctively what sounds right. And that, I'm afraid, is what you need to do. The more native English you read and listen to, and the more you practice what you have read and heard, the more natural these combinations of words will sound to you. Notice, when you read or listen to English, whether a word is in the singular or plural, whether it takes a singular or plural verb, an article or no article, or whether words like much or many, little or few are used with it. If it's in the plural, then it's obviously countable (as in 'There are ten people here' as opposed to 'There is a lot of information here') If we say 'some'+ a singular noun (as in 'Can I have some information?' ) you know that it's uncountable. If a word is used in the singular with the indefinite article (a) then you know that it's countable (as in 'He's got a good job'). Observe and learn. DO NOT, whatever you do, try to work out some kind of system by comparing Russian and English grammar. This will get you nowhere. Focus on how native speakers use the language, copy and practice, and soon the correct forms will sound as natural to you as they do to us.

You can just think about the noun in question. Take for example, "sand". It's quite obviously an uncountable noun because it doesn't really make sense to say "1 sand", "2 sands", or, "How many sands do you have?" Now consider a noun such as "bottle". Quite clearly it is countable because it makes perfect sense to "count" it. "1 bottle", "2 bottles", "How many bottles do you have?" Hope I've helped :)

Well, one thing to be careful of is that something that is countable in another language may be uncountable in English. "Information" is a typical example (it's uncountable for us). It's always worth checking if you can, but in general, if the thing isn't a unit by itself (I mean, if you can't imagine it as a single unit, eg. "a stone" vs "earth"), then it's uncountable. Also, if it's an unmeasurable collection - such as furniture, housework, advice and so on - then it's uncountable. Abstract concepts are also uncountable - life, joy, love, justice, death etc. One more thing - there are certain situations where an uncountable noun can be countable, and even a countable noun can become uncountable. These are quite rare, but keep an open mind.