Just as a disclaimer, I'm an anthropologist who specializes in Philippine history, so forgive me if I get a little too into it here. From what I've seen, no. In theory, Filipino is a constructed language developed by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino that acts as a sort of catch-all for words from non-Tagalog languages like English, Spanish, Visayan languages, etc. while basing enough of its vocabulary and grammar off Tagalog to be functionally indistinguishable. However, making a category of "these are the words we borrowed" and calling it a separate language is pretty problematic. One of the problems with this approach is that Tagalog and other Philippine languages already borrow foreign words and have done so for over a millennium, starting with Sanskrit, Indonesian/Malaysian and Chinese languages all the way up to Spanish and English in the last 400 years. While you'd probably have to be a specialist to pick out examples of the first four, the influence of Spanish and English on modern conversational Tagalog is pretty readily apparent. Another problem of using "Filipino" is that the intent (create a national language that doesn't only rely on Tagalog to the detriment of the other 170+ languages and dialects in the country) isn't reflected in practice, because it's not really a distinct language, but more a series of officially accepted additions to Tagalog. tl;dr Filipino is basically just Tagalog disguised as a national language.

The Philippines is composed of many dialects and traveling to different parts of the country you will notice that they have other language other than Tagalog like for example in Visayas part they have cebuano, waray, bisaya dialect and these are part of the Filipino languages. Tagalog is widely used in the parts of NCR (National Capital Region) and this includes the Metro Manila, Luzon, parts of Visayas and parts of Mindanao. It has become the major language of the country. Filipino is the standardised form of Tagalog. Registered as the national language in the Philippines.

In an article I read some years ago that was written by an esteemed Filipino journalist, I remember him mentioning that a Tagalog sentence is constructed with the use of the “ay”. Tagalog: Si Maria ay iyakin. = Maria is a crybaby. Filipino: Iyakin si Maria. = Maria is a crybaby. The Filipino vocabulary consists predominantly of Tagalog words, hence that already limits the amount of difference between them. There are even those who consider Filipino as a dialect of Tagalog. In schools, the language taught is “Pilipino” (local spelling of Filipino) and not Tagalog. Tagalog did borrow some words from Spanish, but the English terms that were eventually borrowed would be considered as part of Filipino. With more and more people learning Filipino in schools and using the borrowed words when they speak, it may be possible that in the future Tagalog will be totally replaced by the amalgamated Filipino. For now, a lot of us already consider them as synonymous.