Confused about Prepositions in Portuguese
I can't distinguish these words:

disso, daquilo
desse(a), daquele(a)
nesse(a), naquele(a)
nisso, naquilo
deste(a), neste(a)

I show you some sentences from Duolingo

Eu gosto disso. (I like THAT)
Eu gosto daquilo. (I like THAT)
Eu penso naquilo. (I think about THAT)
Eu gosto desse café. (I like THAT coffee)
Eu gosto daquele cachrro. (I like THAT dog)

Eu sou bom naquilo. (I am good at THAT)
Nós somos bons nisso. (We are good at THAT)

Eu gosto daqueles sapatos. (I like THOSE shoes)
Eu gosto dessas botas. (I like THOSE boots)
Eu penso naquelas roupas. (I think of THOSE clothes)

From these sentences, it seems that some words share the same meaning THAT and THOSE
I wonder how to distinguish them and use them properly??

And what's the difference between these sentences?
Ele toca o lobo. (He touches THE wolf)
Ele toca no lobo. (He touches THE wolf)

Question

Confused about Prepositions in Portuguese
I can't distinguish these words:

disso, daquilo
desse(a), daquele(a)
nesse(a), naquele(a) 
nisso, naquilo
deste(a), neste(a)

I show you some sentences from Duolingo

Eu gosto disso.  (I like THAT)
Eu gosto daquilo. (I like THAT)
Eu penso naquilo.  (I think about THAT)
Eu gosto desse café.  (I like THAT coffee)
Eu gosto daquele cachrro. (I like THAT dog)

Eu sou bom naquilo.  (I am good at THAT)
Nós somos bons nisso.  (We are good at THAT)

Eu gosto daqueles sapatos. (I like THOSE shoes)
Eu gosto dessas botas.  (I like THOSE boots)
Eu penso naquelas roupas.  (I think of THOSE clothes)

From these sentences, it seems that some words share the same meaning THAT and THOSE
I wonder how to distinguish them and use them properly??

And what's the difference between these sentences?
Ele toca o lobo. (He touches THE wolf)
Ele toca no lobo. (He touches THE wolf)

Answer

I'll try to explain. In portuguese we actually have 3 pronouns used in this kind of situation: "isto", "isso", and "aquilo". The right pronoun to use is based on the proximity of the thing it refers to. "Isto" being closer, "isso" being a little removed, and "aquilo" being even farther away in time or space.

If you translate to english, usually "isto" becomes "this", "isso" can become either "this" or "that", and aquilo becomes "that".

The difference between many of the words you mentioned can be explained by the above, I think.

Now, the difference between "deste" and "neste" lies in the preposition used in addition to the pronoun. "Deste" = de + este (roughly "of" + "this") and "neste" = em + este (something like "in" + "this").

I hope this helps.

Answer

Bruno's response is pretty much spot on. I'm just commenting to answer your last question.

The verb "tocar" can have different meanings depending on the following proposition.

"Tocar em + article + noun" means you're physically touching something.

"Tocar + article + noun" means you're emotionally touching something, like someone's heart. "Ele tocou o público" means he touched the audience's hearts, metaphorically of course! The first case can also have this meaning when it's highly unlikely that it means the first. If I say "Tocou no meu coração", it's highly unlikely that it literally touched me heart!

" Tocar + noun", like "Tocar violino", means to play something as an instrument.

Hope that this can answer your question. Since I'm on my phone, it's hard to write a more detailed reply!