Tramp takes on that meaning in British English I believe. But in American English it's more comparable to whore, prostitute, or sexually promiscuous woman. Vagrant sounds like a more formal/official word. I'd say out of all the words you listed though, we mostly just use "drifter". People in different parts of the US might use different words more or less too. "wanderer" might also work. So only 2 of those words I would really use. There's also hobo (informal) and homeless person (PC - politically correct, sounds nicer).

All the same