always verb+得+adj , the sentence of "我学习得努力”, sounds not natural, should be like “我学习得很努力”, add 很、非常、十分 etc after the adj, would make the sentence sounds more natural.
我学习努力 is wrong, 学习is a verb, can't be followed by adj.
我努力学习and 我努力地学习 are correct ,努力and 努力地 are adv , because 努力 can be adv or adj, if not , the sentence of 我努力学习could be wrong.
For example , can't say我高兴学习, because 高兴is just an adj. the correct version is 我高兴地学习.