what's the difference between "I don't have..." and "I have no..."?

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I have no idea........it means I dont know......I suppose that if you use " I have no" and it could emphasize the noun .

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I am not quite sure about this, but I do not think one is able using "I have no time"
in a formal British English document. "I have got no time" should be the original phrase.
 
Spoken English, in particular American English, often left out words unspoken.   
LOL, I have got no idea.

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No as a determiner.
 
We have no grammar exercises, no boring English classes.
The sentence is invalid: I have no grammar found.
I have no cigarettes left.

Not makes a verb „have“ negative.

They do not have a shouder in the morning. 
You don't need to work on weekends, because the office is closed.

Note: No and not are never used in the same sentence.

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just 俚语。

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'I don't have' is the correct way to say you are lacking something

'I have no' is really grammatically incorrect, though English speakers will still use it. I can't think of an exception, though someone my prove me wrong.