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Malayalam Has Two Vocabularies — Crack the Sanskrit Layer and Decode Thousands of Words
描述
Class 242 — Malayalam’s Sanskrit layer, and how to read the half of the language you have been guessing at.
By now you will have noticed there are two vocabularies. The everyday one — വീട്, തീ, വെള്ളം, കൈ, പോകുക — short, Dravidian, homely. And another — ഗൃഹം, അഗ്നി, ജലം, ഹസ്തം, ഗമിക്കുക — longer, formal, turning up in writing, news, speeches and ceremony. That second one is Sanskrit, and this class is the key to it.
The structural parallel is English after 1066: Germanic grammar carrying Romance vocabulary. English has house and residence, fire and conflagration, hand and manual. Malayalam has വീട് and ഗൃഹം, തീ and അഗ്നി, കൈ and ഹസ്തം. Exactly the same split. If you have ever noticed that get is different from obtain, you already understand this.
Now the mechanism, which is where the power is: Sanskrit builds words from recurring components. Learn thirty and you can decode hundreds of words you have never met.
PREFIXES. പ്ര- forth (പ്രവേശനം entry, പ്രകാശം light) · സം- together (സംഗീതം music, സംസ്കാരം culture) · അനു- following (അനുഭവം experience, അനുവാദം permission) · വി- apart (വിവാഹം marriage, വിശേഷം news) · ഉപ- near, sub- (ഉപദേശം advice, ഉപയോഗം use) · നിർ- without (നിർമ്മാണം construction) · അ- not, cognate with English un- and Greek a- (അസാധ്യം impossible) · സു- good (സുഖം wellbeing) · ദുർ- bad (ദുഃഖം sorrow) · പ്രതി- against (പ്രതിഷേധം protest, പ്രതിപക്ഷം opposition) · സ്വ- self (സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം freedom).
SUFFIXES. -അം the commonest abstract ending (ജീവിതം life, കാരണം reason) · -ത്വം, -ത abstractness · -ന action · -കൻ, -കാരൻ the one who does · -ശാസ്ത്രം the study of (ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം linguistics) · -ആലയം a place of (വിദ്യാലയം school, ഹിമാലയം the abode of snow).
Then watch what you can do. ജനാധിപത്യം = ജന people + അധിപത്യം rule = democracy. കാലാവസ്ഥ = time-condition = weather. കാലാവസ്ഥാ വ്യതിയാനം = climate change. വിദ്യാർത്ഥി = one who seeks knowledge = student.
Quizzes below. Dr. Reshmi R Nair — SpeakMalayalam.
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The Story of Malayalam | History, Words and Linguistics
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