There are some special expressions in any language related to time. In Russian, they have different grammatical forms comparing with English and other languages. This article introduces some of these expressions separated in several groups that vary by their meaning and grammatical form. You will learn how to express correctly the time in Russian!

 

 

1. Specific days

 

Grammatically, these words are adverbs formed from nouns.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • Š²Ń‡ŠµŃ€Š° / yesterday. 
  • ŠæŠ¾Š·Š°Š²Ń‡ŠµŃ€Š° / the day before yesterday.
  • сŠµŠ³Š¾Š“Š½Ń / today.
  • Š·Š°Š²Ń‚Ń€Š° / tomorrow.
  • ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»ŠµŠ·Š°Š²Ń‚Ń€Š° / the day after tomorrow.

 

 

Here are some example sentences below:

 

  • Š’чŠµŃ€Š° Š±Ń‹Š» чуŠ“ŠµŃŠ½Ń‹Š¹ Š“ŠµŠ½ŃŒ. / Yesterday was a great day.
  • ŠÆ хŠ¾Ń‡Ńƒ ŠæŠ¾Š³ŃƒŠ»ŃŃ‚ŃŒ ŠæŠ¾ Š³Š¾Ń€Š¾Š“у сŠµŠ³Š¾Š“Š½Ń. / I want to walk around the city today.
  • Š—Š°Š²Ń‚Ń€Š° я ŠæŠ¾ŠµŠ“у Š½Š° эŠŗсŠŗурсŠøю. / Tomorrow I will go on excursion.

 

Some particular dates are usually expressed by ordinal numerals with genitive case. For example:

 

  • ŠŸŃŃ‚Š¾Š³Š¾ Š°Š²Š³ŃƒŃŃ‚Š° Š±ŃƒŠ“ŠµŃ‚ Š“ŠµŠ½ŃŒ Š½Š°ŃˆŠµŠ¹ сŠ²Š°Š“ьŠ±Ń‹. / Our wedding day will be on the 5th of August.

 

 

2. Parts of the day

 

Parts of the day are expressed by invariable adverbs which initially were nouns. They go without any preposition in the sentence and can be both at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • утрŠ¾Š¼ / in the morning.
  • Š“Š½Ń‘Š¼ / in the afternoon.
  • Š²ŠµŃ‡ŠµŃ€Š¾Š¼ / in the evening.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • Š£Ń‚Ń€Š¾Š¼ я Š²ŃŃ‚Š°ŃŽ рŠ°Š½Š¾ Šø ŠæрŠøŠ½ŠøŠ¼Š°ŃŽ Š“уш. / I get up early and take a shower in the morning.
  • Š”Š½Ń‘Š¼ я Š½Š° рŠ°Š±Š¾Ń‚Šµ. / I am at work in the afternoon.
    ŠÆ ŠæрŠøхŠ¾Š¶Ńƒ Š“Š¾Š¼Š¾Š¹ Šø уŠ¶ŠøŠ½Š°ŃŽ Š²ŠµŃ‡ŠµŃ€Š¾Š¼. / I come back home and have dinner in the evening.

 

If we talk about specific moments during the day, usually it is expressed by the preposition “Š²” and its accusative case.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • Š² эту сŠµŠŗуŠ½Š“у / at this second.
  • Š² этŠ¾Ń‚ Š¼Š¾Š¼ŠµŠ½Ń‚ / at this moment.
  • Š² этŠ¾Ń‚ чŠ°Ń / at this hour.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • ŠÆ сŠ¼Š¾Ń‚Ń€ŠµŠ» тŠµŠ»ŠµŠ²ŠøŠ·Š¾Ń€, Šø Š² этŠ¾Ń‚ Š¼Š¾Š¼ŠµŠ½Ń‚ Š² ŠŗŠ¾Š¼Š½Š°Ń‚Ńƒ Š·Š°ŃˆŠ»Š° Š¼Š¾Ń Š“Š¾Ń‡ŃŒ. / I was watching the TV and at that moment my daughter entered the room.
  • Š’ этŠ¾Ń‚ чŠ°Ń Š²ŃŠµ Š¾Š±Ń‹Ń‡Š½Š¾ сŠæят. / Everybody usually sleeps at this hour.
  • ŠœŠ¾Ń Š»ŃŽŠ±ŠøŠ¼Š°Ń ŠŗŠ¾Š¼Š°Š½Š“Š° ŠøŠ³Ń€Š°ŠµŃ‚ Š² эту сŠµŠŗуŠ½Š“у. / My favourite team is playing at this second.

 

 

3. Week

 

“Days of the week” are expressed with the preposition “Š²” and its accusative case.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • Š² ŠæŠ¾Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»ŃŒŠ½ŠøŠŗ / on Monday.
  • Š²Š¾ Š²Ń‚Š¾Ń€Š½ŠøŠŗ / on Tuesday.
  • Š² срŠµŠ“у / on Wednesday.
  • Š² чŠµŃ‚Š²ŠµŃ€Š³ / on Thursday.
  • Š² ŠæятŠ½Šøцу / on Friday
  • Š² суŠ±Š±Š¾Ń‚Ńƒ / on Saturday.
  • Š² Š²Š¾ŃŠŗрŠµŃŠµŠ½ŃŒŠµ / on Sunday.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • Š’ ŠæятŠ½Šøцу Š¼Ń‹ ŠøŠ“ёŠ¼ Š½Š° ŠŗŠ¾Š½Ń†ŠµŃ€Ń‚ ŠŗŠ»Š°ŃŃŠøчŠµŃŠŗŠ¾Š¹ Š¼ŃƒŠ·Ń‹ŠŗŠø. / On Friday, we are going to the classical music concert.

 

If the action takes place during a week it is expressed by prepositional case.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • Š½Š° этŠ¾Š¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ / this week.
  • Š½Š° сŠ»ŠµŠ“ующŠµŠ¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ / next week.
  • Š½Š° ŠæрŠ¾ŃˆŠ»Š¾Š¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ / last week.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • ŠŠ° этŠ¾Š¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ у Š¼ŠµŠ½Ń Š¼Š½Š¾Š³Š¾ рŠ°Š±Š¾Ń‚Ń‹. / I have a lot of work this week.
  • ŠÆ Š½Šµ хŠ¾Š“ŠøŠ» Š² сŠæŠ¾Ń€Ń‚Š·Š°Š» Š½Š° ŠæрŠ¾ŃˆŠ»Š¾Š¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ. / I didn’t go to the gym last week.

 

 

4. Month and year

 

“Specific month and year” normally goes with the prepositional case if it is used separately.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • Š² яŠ½Š²Š°Ń€Šµ / in January. 
  • Š² Š¼Š°Ń€Ń‚Šµ / in March.
  • Š² Š°Š²Š³ŃƒŃŃ‚Šµ / in August.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • Š² тысячŠ° Š“ŠµŠ²ŃŃ‚ŃŒŃŠ¾Ń‚ Š“ŠµŠ²ŃŠ½Š¾ŃŃ‚Š¾ ŠæятŠ¾Š¼ Š³Š¾Š“у. / In the year 1995.
  • Š”Š¶ŠµŠ¹Š¼Ń ŠøŠ“ёт Š½Š° яŠ·Ń‹ŠŗŠ¾Š²Ń‹Šµ Šŗурсы руссŠŗŠ¾Š³Š¾ яŠ·Ń‹ŠŗŠ° Š² Š¼Š°Ń€Ń‚Šµ. / James is going to the Russian language course in March.
  • Š’ 1995 Š³Š¾Š“у ŠŠ½Š½Š° ŠæŠ¾ŃˆŠ»Š° Š² шŠŗŠ¾Š»Ńƒ. / Anna went to school in the year 1995.

 

If there is a date with a month and a year it is expressed by prepositional case + genitive case.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • Š² Š¼Š°Ń€Ń‚Šµ Š“Š²Šµ тысячŠø Š²Š¾ŃŃŒŠ¼Š¾Š³Š¾ Š³Š¾Š“Š°. / in March 2008.
  • Š² Š°ŠæрŠµŠ»Šµ тысячŠ° Š“ŠµŠ²ŃŃ‚ŃŒŃŠ¾Ń‚ Š²Š¾ŃŃŒŠ¼ŠøŠ“ŠµŃŃŃ‚Š¾Š³Š¾ Š³Š¾Š“Š°. / in April 1980.
  • ŠŠ½Ń‚Š¾Š½ рŠ¾Š“ŠøŠ»ŃŃ Š² Š°ŠæрŠµŠ»Šµ 1980 Š³Š¾Š“Š°. / Anton was born in April 1980.

 

 

5. Periods of time

 

The most common expressions that are used with accusative.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • Š½Š°Š·Š°Š“ / ago.
  • чŠµŃ€ŠµŠ· / in.
  • ŠŗŠ°Š¶Š“ыŠ¹ (ŠŗŠ°Š¶Š“ую) / every.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • ŠŸŃŃ‚ŃŒ Š»ŠµŃ‚ Š½Š°Š·Š°Š“ ŠŠ°Ń‚Š°Š»Šøя Š±Ń‹Š»Š° Š·Š°Š¼ŃƒŠ¶ŠµŠ¼. / 5 years ago Natalya got married.
  • Š§ŠµŃ€ŠµŠ· Š¼ŠµŃŃŃ† ŠŠ½Š“рŠµŠ¹ Š±ŃƒŠ“ŠµŃ‚ Š¶Šøть Š² ŠŠ½Š³Š»ŠøŠø. / Andrew will live in England in one month’s time.
  • ŠšŠ°Š¶Š“ыŠ¹ Š³Š¾Š“ я ŠæрŠ¾Š²Š¾Š¶Ńƒ Š»ŠµŃ‚Š¾ Š² CŠ°Š½Šŗт-ŠŸŠµŃ‚ŠµŃ€Š±ŃƒŃ€Š³Šµ. / Every year, I spend my summer’s in St. Petersburg.
  • ŠšŠ°Š¶Š“ую ŠæятŠ½Šøцу я ŠµŠ“у Š² Š“руŠ³Š¾Š¹ Š³Š¾Ń€Š¾Š“. / Every Friday, I travel to another city.

 

If there is an action that has happened before or after some event, we then use the instrumental and genitive case.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • ŠæŠµŃ€ŠµŠ“ урŠ¾ŠŗŠ¾Š¼ / before the lesson.
  • эŠŗŠ·Š°Š¼ŠµŠ½Š¾Š¼ / exam.
  • ŠæŠ¾ŠµŠ·Š“ŠŗŠ¾Š¹ / trip.
  • ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ Š·Š°Š²Ń‚Ń€Š°ŠŗŠ° / after breakfast.
  • рŠ°Š±Š¾Ń‚Ń‹ / work.
  • ŠæŠµŃ€ŠµŃ€Ń‹Š²Š° / break.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • Š¢Š°Š½Ń Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“Š° Š“ŠµŠ»Š°ŠµŃ‚ Š“Š¾Š¼Š°ŃˆŠ½ŠµŠµ Š·Š°Š“Š°Š½ŠøŠµ ŠæŠµŃ€ŠµŠ“ урŠ¾ŠŗŠ¾Š¼. / Tanya always does her homework before the lesson.
  • ŠœŠ½Šµ Š½ŃƒŠ¶Š½Š¾ ŠŗуŠæŠøть Š±ŠøŠ»ŠµŃ‚Ń‹ Š½Š° ŠæŠ¾ŠµŠ·Š“ ŠæŠµŃ€ŠµŠ“ ŠæŠ¾ŠµŠ·Š“ŠŗŠ¾Š¹. / I need to buy train tickets before the trip.
  • ŠÆ Š¾Š±Ń‹Ń‡Š½Š¾ Š½Šµ Š»Š¾Š¶ŃƒŃŃŒ сŠæŠ°Ń‚ŃŒ ŠæŠµŃ€ŠµŠ“ эŠŗŠ·Š°Š¼ŠµŠ½Š¾Š¼. / Usually, I don’t go to bed before the exam.
  • ŠŸŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ рŠ°Š±Š¾Ń‚Ń‹ Š’Š»Š°Š“ŠøŠ¼Šøр Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“Š° чуŠ²ŃŃ‚Š²ŃƒŠµŃ‚ сŠµŠ±Ń устŠ°Š²ŃˆŠøŠ¼. / Vladimir always feels tired after work.
  • Š”ŠµŃ€Š³ŠµŠ¹ Š±ŃƒŠ“ŠµŃ‚ ŠøŠ³Ń€Š°Ń‚ŃŒ Š½Š° Š³ŠøтŠ°Ń€Šµ ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ ŠæŠµŃ€ŠµŃ€Ń‹Š²Š°. / Sergey will play guitar after his break.
  • ŠŸŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ Š·Š°Š²Ń‚Ń€Š°ŠŗŠ° Š²ŃŠµ ŠæŠ¾ŃˆŠ»Šø Š² ŠæŠ°Ń€Šŗ. / After breakfast, everybody went to the park.

 

 

6. Frequency words

 

There are some adverbs in Russian that specifies the frequency of the action.

 

Vocabulary:

 

  • Š¾Š±Ń‹Ń‡Š½Š¾ / usually.
  • рŠµŠ“ŠŗŠ¾ / rarely.
  • ŠøŠ½Š¾Š³Š“Š° / sometimes.
  • чŠ°ŃŃ‚Š¾ / often.
  • Š½ŠøŠŗŠ¾Š³Š“Š° / never.
  • Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“Š° / always.

 

Example sentences:

 

  • ŠžŠ±Ń‹Ń‡Š½Š¾ я ŠµŠ“у Š½Š° рŠ°Š±Š¾Ń‚Ńƒ Š½Š° Š¼Š°ŃˆŠøŠ½e. / Usually, I commute to work by car.
  • Š˜Ń€ŠøŠ½Š° рŠµŠ“ŠŗŠ¾ хŠ¾Š“Šøт ŠæŠ¾ Š¼Š°Š³Š°Š·ŠøŠ½Š°Š¼. / Irina rarely goes shopping.
  • Š˜Š½Š¾Š³Š“Š° Š¾Š½ ŠøŠ·ŃƒŃ‡Š°ŠµŃ‚ ŠŗŠøтŠ°Š¹ŃŠŗŠøŠ¹ яŠ·Ń‹Šŗ Š²ŠµŃ‡ŠµŃ€Š¾Š¼. / Sometimes he studies Chinese in the evening.
  • ŠœŃ‹ чŠ°ŃŃ‚Š¾ Š²ŃŃ‚Ń€ŠµŃ‡Š°ŠµŠ¼ Š½Š¾Š²Ń‹Ń… Š“руŠ·ŠµŠ¹, ŠŗŠ¾Š³Š“Š° этŠ¾Š³Š¾ Š½Šµ Š¾Š¶ŠøŠ“Š°ŠµŠ¼. / We often meet new friends when we don’t expect it.
  • Š•Š»ŠµŠ½Š° Š½ŠøŠŗŠ¾Š³Š“Š° Š½Šµ Š“уŠ¼Š°Š»Š° Š¾ Š“руŠ³Šøх Š»ŃŽŠ“ях. / Elena has never thought about other people.
  • ŠœŠøхŠ°ŠøŠ» Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“Š° Š·Š½Š°ŠµŃ‚, чтŠ¾ сŠŗŠ°Š·Š°Ń‚ŃŒ. / Michael always knows what to say.

 

The position of all these time expressions is not fixed and can be different in a sentence. I really hope that this article can help those who read it brush up their Russian!

 

Hero image by Ilia Schelkanov on Unsplash