There are some special expressions in any language related to time. In Russian, they have different grammatical forms comparing with English and other languages. This article introduces some of these expressions separated in several groups that vary by their meaning and grammatical form. You will learn how to express correctly the time in Russian!
1. Specific days
Grammatically, these words are adverbs formed from nouns.
Vocabulary:
- Š²ŃŠµŃŠ° / yesterday.
- ŠæŠ¾Š·Š°Š²ŃŠµŃŠ° / the day before yesterday.
- ŃŠµŠ³Š¾Š“Š½Ń / today.
- Š·Š°Š²ŃŃŠ° / tomorrow.
- ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»ŠµŠ·Š°Š²ŃŃŠ° / the day after tomorrow.
Here are some example sentences below:
- ŠŃŠµŃŠ° Š±ŃŠ» ŃŃŠ“ŠµŃŠ½ŃŠ¹ Š“ŠµŠ½Ń. / Yesterday was a great day.
- ŠÆ Ń Š¾ŃŃ ŠæŠ¾Š³ŃŠ»ŃŃŃ ŠæŠ¾ Š³Š¾ŃŠ¾Š“Ń ŃŠµŠ³Š¾Š“Š½Ń. / I want to walk around the city today.
- ŠŠ°Š²ŃŃŠ° Ń ŠæŠ¾ŠµŠ“Ń Š½Š° ŃŠŗŃŠŗŃŃŃŠøŃ. / Tomorrow I will go on excursion.
Some particular dates are usually expressed by ordinal numerals with genitive case. For example:
- ŠŃŃŠ¾Š³Š¾ Š°Š²Š³ŃŃŃŠ° Š±ŃŠ“ŠµŃ Š“ŠµŠ½Ń Š½Š°ŃŠµŠ¹ ŃŠ²Š°Š“ŃŠ±Ń. / Our wedding day will be on the 5th of August.
2. Parts of the day
Parts of the day are expressed by invariable adverbs which initially were nouns. They go without any preposition in the sentence and can be both at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
Vocabulary:
- ŃŃŃŠ¾Š¼ / in the morning.
- Š“Š½ŃŠ¼ / in the afternoon.
- Š²ŠµŃŠµŃŠ¾Š¼ / in the evening.
Example sentences:
- Š£ŃŃŠ¾Š¼ Ń Š²ŃŃŠ°Ń ŃŠ°Š½Š¾ Šø ŠæŃŠøŠ½ŠøŠ¼Š°Ń Š“ŃŃ. / I get up early and take a shower in the morning.
- ŠŠ½ŃŠ¼ Ń Š½Š° ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŠµ. / I am at work in the afternoon.
ŠÆ ŠæŃŠøŃ Š¾Š¶Ń Š“Š¾Š¼Š¾Š¹ Šø ŃŠ¶ŠøŠ½Š°Ń Š²ŠµŃŠµŃŠ¾Š¼. / I come back home and have dinner in the evening.
If we talk about specific moments during the day, usually it is expressed by the preposition “Š²” and its accusative case.
Vocabulary:
- Š² ŃŃŃ ŃŠµŠŗŃŠ½Š“Ń / at this second.
- Š² ŃŃŠ¾Ń Š¼Š¾Š¼ŠµŠ½Ń / at this moment.
- Š² ŃŃŠ¾Ń ŃŠ°Ń / at this hour.
Example sentences:
- ŠÆ ŃŠ¼Š¾ŃŃŠµŠ» ŃŠµŠ»ŠµŠ²ŠøŠ·Š¾Ń, Šø Š² ŃŃŠ¾Ń Š¼Š¾Š¼ŠµŠ½Ń Š² ŠŗŠ¾Š¼Š½Š°ŃŃ Š·Š°ŃŠ»Š° Š¼Š¾Ń Š“Š¾ŃŃ. / I was watching the TV and at that moment my daughter entered the room.
- Š ŃŃŠ¾Ń ŃŠ°Ń Š²ŃŠµ Š¾Š±ŃŃŠ½Š¾ ŃŠæŃŃ. / Everybody usually sleeps at this hour.
- ŠŠ¾Ń Š»ŃŠ±ŠøŠ¼Š°Ń ŠŗŠ¾Š¼Š°Š½Š“Š° ŠøŠ³ŃŠ°ŠµŃ Š² ŃŃŃ ŃŠµŠŗŃŠ½Š“Ń. / My favourite team is playing at this second.
3. Week
“Days of the week” are expressed with the preposition “Š²” and its accusative case.
Vocabulary:
- Š² ŠæŠ¾Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»ŃŠ½ŠøŠŗ / on Monday.
- Š²Š¾ Š²ŃŠ¾ŃŠ½ŠøŠŗ / on Tuesday.
- Š² ŃŃŠµŠ“Ń / on Wednesday.
- Š² ŃŠµŃŠ²ŠµŃŠ³ / on Thursday.
- Š² ŠæŃŃŠ½ŠøŃŃ / on Friday
- Š² ŃŃŠ±Š±Š¾ŃŃ / on Saturday.
- Š² Š²Š¾ŃŠŗŃŠµŃŠµŠ½ŃŠµ / on Sunday.
Example sentences:
- Š ŠæŃŃŠ½ŠøŃŃ Š¼Ń ŠøŠ“ŃŠ¼ Š½Š° ŠŗŠ¾Š½ŃŠµŃŃ ŠŗŠ»Š°ŃŃŠøŃŠµŃŠŗŠ¾Š¹ Š¼ŃŠ·ŃŠŗŠø. / On Friday, we are going to the classical music concert.
If the action takes place during a week it is expressed by prepositional case.
Vocabulary:
- Š½Š° ŃŃŠ¾Š¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ / this week.
- Š½Š° ŃŠ»ŠµŠ“ŃŃŃŠµŠ¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ / next week.
- Š½Š° ŠæŃŠ¾ŃŠ»Š¾Š¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ / last week.
Example sentences:
- ŠŠ° ŃŃŠ¾Š¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ Ń Š¼ŠµŠ½Ń Š¼Š½Š¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŃ. / I have a lot of work this week.
- ŠÆ Š½Šµ Ń Š¾Š“ŠøŠ» Š² ŃŠæŠ¾ŃŃŠ·Š°Š» Š½Š° ŠæŃŠ¾ŃŠ»Š¾Š¹ Š½ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»Šµ. / I didn’t go to the gym last week.
4. Month and year
“Specific month and year” normally goes with the prepositional case if it is used separately.
Vocabulary:
- Š² ŃŠ½Š²Š°ŃŠµ / in January.
- Š² Š¼Š°ŃŃŠµ / in March.
- Š² Š°Š²Š³ŃŃŃŠµ / in August.
Example sentences:
- Š² ŃŃŃŃŃŠ° Š“ŠµŠ²ŃŃŃŃŠ¾Ń Š“ŠµŠ²ŃŠ½Š¾ŃŃŠ¾ ŠæŃŃŠ¾Š¼ Š³Š¾Š“Ń. / In the year 1995.
- ŠŠ¶ŠµŠ¹Š¼Ń ŠøŠ“ŃŃ Š½Š° ŃŠ·ŃŠŗŠ¾Š²ŃŠµ ŠŗŃŃŃŃ ŃŃŃŃŠŗŠ¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠ·ŃŠŗŠ° Š² Š¼Š°ŃŃŠµ. / James is going to the Russian language course in March.
- Š 1995 Š³Š¾Š“Ń ŠŠ½Š½Š° ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»Š° Š² ŃŠŗŠ¾Š»Ń. / Anna went to school in the year 1995.
If there is a date with a month and a year it is expressed by prepositional case + genitive case.
Example sentences:
- Š² Š¼Š°ŃŃŠµ Š“Š²Šµ ŃŃŃŃŃŠø Š²Š¾ŃŃŠ¼Š¾Š³Š¾ Š³Š¾Š“Š°. / in March 2008.
- Š² Š°ŠæŃŠµŠ»Šµ ŃŃŃŃŃŠ° Š“ŠµŠ²ŃŃŃŃŠ¾Ń Š²Š¾ŃŃŠ¼ŠøŠ“ŠµŃŃŃŠ¾Š³Š¾ Š³Š¾Š“Š°. / in April 1980.
- ŠŠ½ŃŠ¾Š½ ŃŠ¾Š“ŠøŠ»ŃŃ Š² Š°ŠæŃŠµŠ»Šµ 1980 Š³Š¾Š“Š°. / Anton was born in April 1980.
5. Periods of time
The most common expressions that are used with accusative.
Vocabulary:
- Š½Š°Š·Š°Š“ / ago.
- ŃŠµŃŠµŠ· / in.
- ŠŗŠ°Š¶Š“ŃŠ¹ (ŠŗŠ°Š¶Š“ŃŃ) / every.
Example sentences:
- ŠŃŃŃ Š»ŠµŃ Š½Š°Š·Š°Š“ ŠŠ°ŃŠ°Š»ŠøŃ Š±ŃŠ»Š° Š·Š°Š¼ŃŠ¶ŠµŠ¼. / 5 years ago Natalya got married.
- Š§ŠµŃŠµŠ· Š¼ŠµŃŃŃ ŠŠ½Š“ŃŠµŠ¹ Š±ŃŠ“ŠµŃ Š¶ŠøŃŃ Š² ŠŠ½Š³Š»ŠøŠø. / Andrew will live in England in one month’s time.
- ŠŠ°Š¶Š“ŃŠ¹ Š³Š¾Š“ Ń ŠæŃŠ¾Š²Š¾Š¶Ń Š»ŠµŃŠ¾ Š² CŠ°Š½ŠŗŃ-ŠŠµŃŠµŃŠ±ŃŃŠ³Šµ. / Every year, I spend my summer’s in St. Petersburg.
- ŠŠ°Š¶Š“ŃŃ ŠæŃŃŠ½ŠøŃŃ Ń ŠµŠ“Ń Š² Š“ŃŃŠ³Š¾Š¹ Š³Š¾ŃŠ¾Š“. / Every Friday, I travel to another city.
If there is an action that has happened before or after some event, we then use the instrumental and genitive case.
Vocabulary:
- ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“ ŃŃŠ¾ŠŗŠ¾Š¼ / before the lesson.
- ŃŠŗŠ·Š°Š¼ŠµŠ½Š¾Š¼ / exam.
- ŠæŠ¾ŠµŠ·Š“ŠŗŠ¾Š¹ / trip.
- ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ Š·Š°Š²ŃŃŠ°ŠŗŠ° / after breakfast.
- ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŃ / work.
- ŠæŠµŃŠµŃŃŠ²Š° / break.
Example sentences:
- Š¢Š°Š½Ń Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“Š° Š“ŠµŠ»Š°ŠµŃ Š“Š¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ½ŠµŠµ Š·Š°Š“Š°Š½ŠøŠµ ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“ ŃŃŠ¾ŠŗŠ¾Š¼. / Tanya always does her homework before the lesson.
- ŠŠ½Šµ Š½ŃŠ¶Š½Š¾ ŠŗŃŠæŠøŃŃ Š±ŠøŠ»ŠµŃŃ Š½Š° ŠæŠ¾ŠµŠ·Š“ ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“ ŠæŠ¾ŠµŠ·Š“ŠŗŠ¾Š¹. / I need to buy train tickets before the trip.
- ŠÆ Š¾Š±ŃŃŠ½Š¾ Š½Šµ Š»Š¾Š¶ŃŃŃ ŃŠæŠ°ŃŃ ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“ ŃŠŗŠ·Š°Š¼ŠµŠ½Š¾Š¼. / Usually, I don’t go to bed before the exam.
- ŠŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŃ ŠŠ»Š°Š“ŠøŠ¼ŠøŃ Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“Š° ŃŃŠ²ŃŃŠ²ŃŠµŃ ŃŠµŠ±Ń ŃŃŃŠ°Š²ŃŠøŠ¼. / Vladimir always feels tired after work.
- Š”ŠµŃŠ³ŠµŠ¹ Š±ŃŠ“ŠµŃ ŠøŠ³ŃŠ°ŃŃ Š½Š° Š³ŠøŃŠ°ŃŠµ ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ ŠæŠµŃŠµŃŃŠ²Š°. / Sergey will play guitar after his break.
- ŠŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ Š·Š°Š²ŃŃŠ°ŠŗŠ° Š²ŃŠµ ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»Šø Š² ŠæŠ°ŃŠŗ. / After breakfast, everybody went to the park.
6. Frequency words
There are some adverbs in Russian that specifies the frequency of the action.
Vocabulary:
- Š¾Š±ŃŃŠ½Š¾ / usually.
- ŃŠµŠ“ŠŗŠ¾ / rarely.
- ŠøŠ½Š¾Š³Š“Š° / sometimes.
- ŃŠ°ŃŃŠ¾ / often.
- Š½ŠøŠŗŠ¾Š³Š“Š° / never.
- Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“Š° / always.
Example sentences:
- ŠŠ±ŃŃŠ½Š¾ Ń ŠµŠ“Ń Š½Š° ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŃ Š½Š° Š¼Š°ŃŠøŠ½e. / Usually, I commute to work by car.
- ŠŃŠøŠ½Š° ŃŠµŠ“ŠŗŠ¾ Ń Š¾Š“ŠøŃ ŠæŠ¾ Š¼Š°Š³Š°Š·ŠøŠ½Š°Š¼. / Irina rarely goes shopping.
- ŠŠ½Š¾Š³Š“Š° Š¾Š½ ŠøŠ·ŃŃŠ°ŠµŃ ŠŗŠøŃŠ°Š¹ŃŠŗŠøŠ¹ ŃŠ·ŃŠŗ Š²ŠµŃŠµŃŠ¾Š¼. / Sometimes he studies Chinese in the evening.
- ŠŃ ŃŠ°ŃŃŠ¾ Š²ŃŃŃŠµŃŠ°ŠµŠ¼ Š½Š¾Š²ŃŃ Š“ŃŃŠ·ŠµŠ¹, ŠŗŠ¾Š³Š“Š° ŃŃŠ¾Š³Š¾ Š½Šµ Š¾Š¶ŠøŠ“Š°ŠµŠ¼. / We often meet new friends when we don’t expect it.
- ŠŠ»ŠµŠ½Š° Š½ŠøŠŗŠ¾Š³Š“Š° Š½Šµ Š“ŃŠ¼Š°Š»Š° Š¾ Š“ŃŃŠ³ŠøŃ Š»ŃŠ“ŃŃ . / Elena has never thought about other people.
- ŠŠøŃ Š°ŠøŠ» Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“Š° Š·Š½Š°ŠµŃ, ŃŃŠ¾ ŃŠŗŠ°Š·Š°ŃŃ. / Michael always knows what to say.
The position of all these time expressions is not fixed and can be different in a sentence. I really hope that this article can help those who read it brush up their Russian!