Brazilian folklore is a vibrant tapestry woven from Indigenous, African, and European traditions, filled with mythical creatures, enchanted beings, and cautionary tales passed down through generations.

Each region of Brazil has its own unique legends that shape local traditions, festivals, and even modern pop culture. Let’s journey through Brazil’s most fascinating myths, organized by region, with richly detailed descriptions that bring these characters to life.<hr><img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d1afoj85mihe07cov8a0.jpg">Northern Region: Guardians of the Amazon The vast Amazon rainforest is home to some of Brazil’s most iconic folklore figures, deeply rooted in Indigenous traditions. One of the most famous is the&nbsp;Curupira, a mischievous forest guardian with bright red hair and backward feet, designed to confuse hunters and protect animals. This clever spirit is said to create illusions, leading those who harm the forest astray until they become hopelessly lost. Another legendary figure from the rivers of the Amazon is&nbsp;Iara, the enchanting siren known as Mãe d’Água (Mother of Water). With her hypnotic singing, she lures fishermen into the depths, where they either drown or live under her spell forever. Her story is often told as a warning to those who venture too far into unknown waters. Equally captivating is the&nbsp;Boto Cor-de-Rosa, the pink river dolphin that transforms into a charming man during festivals. According to legend, he seduces young women, often leaving them mysteriously pregnant. Many families in the Amazon still joke about the Boto when a child’s father is unknown.The&nbsp;Boitatá, a serpent made of fire, is another protector of nature, punishing those who set illegal fires in the forest. Some say it appears as a floating ball of light, while others describe it as a giant, flaming snake slithering through the trees at night. Finally, the&nbsp;Vitória-Régia&nbsp;legend tells the story of an Indigenous girl who fell in love with the moon. Heartbroken that she could never be with him, she drowned herself in a river, and the moon transformed her into the giant water lily that floats on Amazonian waters to this day. Northeast Region: Mysteries of the Sertão and Coast The Northeast is a treasure trove of eerie and enchanting tales, blending African, Indigenous, and Portuguese influences. One of the most haunting figures is&nbsp;Cabeça de Cuia, a man, called Crispim is cursed to live as a monster with a hollow, gourd-shaped head after killing his own mother in a fit of rage. He is said to roam the rivers, preying on fishermen and drinking their blood to quench his eternal thirst. The legend also states that Crispim could only break the curse after devouring seven virgin girls named Maria. So, he continues to wander the rivers of the region, looking for virgins, murdering bathers and capsizing boats. A more playful yet mysterious character is&nbsp;Zé Pilintra, a spirit from Afro-Brazilian religions who takes the form of a well-dressed rogue. He is known as the protector of bars, gamblers, and bohemians, often invoked for luck in games or to avoid police trouble. Deep in the backlands, the&nbsp;Zabelê, a mystical bird with dark feathers, sings a mournful tune that is believed to predict death or misfortune. Many “sertanejos” (backland dwellers) fear its call, seeing it as an omen of bad news to come. For travelers on lonely roads, the ghostly&nbsp;Romãozinho&nbsp;appears as a playful but unsettling child spirit. Some say he was a boy who died tragically and now lingers to pull pranks on late-night wanderers, like making stones fly or whispering in the dark. Near the rivers and mangroves,&nbsp;Maria Canabrava&nbsp;is the Northeast’s answer to the Iara—a vengeful siren who drowns unfaithful men. Fishermen tell stories of seeing her combing her long hair on moonlit rocks before she drags her victims into the depths. Another ominous figure is the&nbsp;Cão da Morte&nbsp;(Dog of Death), a spectral black hound that appears before someone dies. Its glowing eyes and silent presence send chills down the spines of those who encounter it.Parents in the Northeast often warn their children about the&nbsp;Velho do Saco&nbsp;(Old Man with a Sack), a bogeyman-like figure who kidnaps disobedient kids. Though his origins are unclear, the tale serves as a cautionary story to keep children from wandering off at night. On moonlit beaches, the ghostly&nbsp;Alamoa&nbsp;(Woman in White) wanders, forever mourning a lost love. Some say she was betrayed, others that she died in childbirth—but all agree that encountering her brings bad luck.Finally, the&nbsp;Quibungo, a monster from Angolan folklore, survives in Bahian tales as a child-eating beast. Parents warn that if children misbehave, the Quibungo will come for them in the night, its mouth stretched impossibly wide. Southeast and South: Urban Legends and Rural Myths In the more urbanized Southeast and South, folklore blends European influences with Brazilian twists. The&nbsp;Saci-Pererê, a one-legged, pipe-smoking trickster, is one of the most famous figures. He delights in causing mischief—tying horses’ manes, hiding kitchen utensils, and whistling to scare people at night. The terrifying&nbsp;Mula sem Cabeça&nbsp;(Headless Mule) is a woman cursed for her sins, transforming into a fire-breathing mule that gallops through the countryside at midnight. The sound of her hooves and the flames from her neck strike fear into those who hear her coming. A more tragic figure is the&nbsp;Negrinho do Pastoreio, an enslaved boy who, after being whipped and left to die, is resurrected by the Virgin Mary. Now a spirit, he helps lost travelers and those searching for missing objects. The&nbsp;Cuca, a child-snatching witch, is one of the most feared figures in Brazilian folklore. Often depicted as an alligator-like hag, she hides under beds or in forests, waiting to snatch disobedient children.Lastly, the&nbsp;Bumba meu Boi&nbsp;is not just a character but an entire folkloric tradition. Originating in the Northeast but celebrated nationwide, this tale involves the death and resurrection of a beloved bull, blending comedy, drama, and music in vibrant festivals. Why Brazilian Folklore Endures These stories are more than just myths—they are living traditions that influence festivals, literature, and daily life. From the&nbsp;Amazon’s mystical guardians&nbsp;to the&nbsp;Northeast’s eerie spirits, Brazilian folklore offers a window into the country’s soul. For language learners, these tales provide a fun way to&nbsp;improve Portuguese&nbsp;while exploring Brazil’s cultural richness. Whether told around a campfire or adapted into modern media, these legends continue to captivate new generations. Would you like a deeper exploration of how these myths shape Brazilian festivals? Or perhaps a guide on using folklore in language learning? Let us know—the world of Brazilian legends is vast and waiting to be discovered!

The Magical World of Brazilian Folklore: Legendary Characters by Region

It's not always easy to find Portuguese content to watch or practise.

In this article I'll tell you about today's most popular Portuguese series. All in different genres. In this article we have 5 series ranging from the dramatic to the comedic to those based on real events. All of them are great for practising Portuguese and learning more about Portuguese culture and history. 1.Rabo de Peixe (Turn of the Tide<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d193h1mitrc6ebh9iu3g.jpg"> - Genre: Thriller, Drama- Synopsis: Inspired by real events, the series follows a group of young people in the Azores who find a boat loaded with cocaine and decide to sell it, facing dangerous consequences.&nbsp;- Highlight: It reached Netflix's global Top 10 in 33 countries and was renewed for a second and third season.&nbsp;- The series is inspired by a real event that took place in 2001, when a boat sank with almost 500 kilos of cocaine on board. The drugs ended up in the village known as Rabo de Peixe, on the island of São Miguel. The repercussions of this accident are still felt today, given the impact of cocaine use on the population. There's a short report in Portuguese on the subject and Rabo de Peixe used to be the council in Europe with the most drug addicts. The language of the series is up-to-date with some rather comical expressions. The dialect most people speak is standard, so it's not too difficult to understand. 2.Glóri<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d193h9uitrc6ebh9iu5g.jpg"> - Genre: Drama, Espionage, History- Synopsis: Set during the Cold War, the series follows a radio engineer involved in a spy ring in Portugal.- Highlight: Netflix's first original Portuguese production, acclaimed for its setting and gripping narrative.- Set in the 1960s, during the Cold War, the plot takes place in the town of Glória do Ribatejo, where RARET is located - a radio station used by the United States to broadcast anti-communist propaganda to Eastern bloc countries.The protagonist, João Vidal, is a young Portuguese engineer recruited by the Soviet secret services (KGB). The series follows his sabotage and espionage missions within the station, while dealing with questions of loyalty, identity and the dark secrets of the Estado Novo dictatorship in Portugal. - It mixes fiction with real historical facts.- Addresses issues such as censorship, political repression and information warfare.- Excellent reconstruction of the period and an atmosphere of international tension.- Great for training your ear with European Portuguese, where English is also mixed in because of the American characters and to give the series more credibility. 3.Pôr do So<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d193hgo5mihe07conlug.jpg"> - Genre: Comedy, Satire- Synopsis: is a Portuguese comedy series that satirises traditional telenovelas, exaggerating their clichés in a humorous way. The plot revolves around the Bourbon de Linhaça family, owners of Herdade do Pôr do Sol, where stories of forbidden love, betrayal and family secrets unfold- Highlight: Initially broadcast by RTP, it gained popularity and was added to the Netflix catalogue.- The first season premiered in August 2021 on RTP1. The second season premiered in August 2022 on RTP1 and is also available on Netflix. The film was released in 2023&nbsp;- This one can be a little more difficult to understand because it has a lot of references to Portuguese culture, satire and jokes. This series is ideal for students who are in contact with Portuguese culture or live in Portugal.&nbsp; 4. Até Que a Vida Nos Separe- Genre: Drama, Familiar- Synopsis: It follows the life of a family who organise weddings on a farm, exploring different visions of love between generations. The ironic part of the series is that the couple who organise the weddings are thinking of getting divorced&nbsp;- Highlight: A Portuguese production that has gained an international audience on Netflix. Despite its popularity, it didn't manage to reach such a popular and long-lasting place in the international charts.&nbsp;- Beautiful photography and natural settings in Portugal.A sensitive and human portrait of family relationships.Ideal for those who want to hear clear and emotionally expressive European Portuguese. 5. Cuba Libre- Genre: Drama, History- Synopsis: is a Portuguese historical drama miniseries based on the real life of Annie Silva Pais, the only daughter of Fernando Silva Pais, the last director of PIDE, the political police of the Salazar regime. The plot follows Annie Silva Pais (played by Beatriz Godinho), a young Portuguese woman with a rebellious spirit and remarkable beauty. In 1965, at the age of 30, married to a Swiss diplomat and living in Havana, Annie decides to leave her husband and family to join the Cuban revolution, driven by a secret passion for Che Guevara. The series portrays her struggle for freedom and identity, travelling through more than 30 years of world history, with a special focus on Portugal and Cuba. The series premiered on RTP1 on 21 September 2022 and has been available on Netflix since April 2023.- Highlight: It explores themes of identity and ideology, offering a unique perspective on historical events.&nbsp; I hope you enjoy the suggestions and comment on the ones you've already watched or are going to watch!

Most Popular Portuguese Series for Practicing Portuguese

In today’s world, learning another language is not just about travel or culture. It can also help you earn more money, find better jobs, and grow your business. Even when times are tough, learning a second language is a smart investment. This article explains why, using research from around the wo

Why Learning a Second Language Pays Off (Even During Hard Times)CEFR Level: B1-B2 | Reading Time: 7 minutes 1.You Can Earn More MoneyPeople who speak more than one language often earn more than those who do not (Jaros-White, 2022). This is called a ‘wage premium.’ - In Florida (USA), people who speak English and Spanish earn about $7,000 (USD) more per year than people who only speak English (Hardach, 2018). - In Canada, bilingual men earn about 3.6% more and bilingual women earn 6.6% more (Hardach, 2018). - In India, men who speak fluent English earn about 34% more than those who do not. Even basic English can bring a 13% bonus (Nagarajan, 2014). - In Poland, Spanish speakers earn up to 32% more than those who do not speak another language (Liwiński, 2019). Some studies show that speaking a second language can help you earn over $128,000 (USD) more during your lifetime (Bacher, 2024). 2. More Job OptionsLearning another language can help you find work in more places. You can apply for jobs in your home country or in other countries. Big companies want workers who can speak to clients from different countries. In fact, many companies say they prefer to hire bilingual workers. &nbsp;- In the United States, job advertisements asking for bilingual workers more than doubled between 2010 and 2015 (New American Economy, 2017). - LinkedIn data shows that bilingual job seekers get 13% more job offers (Bacher, 2024). - Bilingual skills are in demand in customer service, sales, management, IT, and many other fields.This means more jobs, better job security, and more chances to work abroad. 3. Easier to Get Hired or PromotedEven if you are not looking for work in another country, speaking a second language still helps. Bilingual candidates often have an advantage when applying for jobs. - Many employers say they prefer bilingual staff for jobs in healthcare, retail, construction, and management (Colón, 2019). - Speaking another language can help your CV stand out. It shows that you are flexible and can collaborate with different people. Once you have the job, language skills can also help you get promoted. Bilingual workers often: - Get promoted faster (Colón, 2019). - Have more job security (Colón, 2019). - Are chosen to lead international projects. In fact, 1 in 4 U.S. companies say they have lost business because they didn’t have employees who spoke the right language (Jaros-White, 2022). This shows how valuable bilingual workers are.<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d15434ltsb40igm1h8n0.jpg"> 4. Helps Business Owners GrowIf you own a business or want to start one, learning a language can help you grow. You can: - Sell to customers in other countries. - Talk directly to clients or partners. - Understand local laws and culture. In Europe, small businesses that invest in language skills are able to export more products and enter more countries. In one study, German businesses that hired bilingual staff added ten new countries to their export list. Businesses that did not use language skills missed out on deals (Hardach, 2018). Also, American businesses lose over $2 billion (USD) each year due to misunderstandings caused by language and culture (Bacher, 2024). Business owners who speak more than one language may avoid these costly mistakes. 5. Makes You More Creative and ConnectedPeople who speak more than one language often have better problem-solving skills. They can think in flexible ways and find creative solutions (Bacher, 2024). This helps in both jobs and business.Multilingual business owners can also: - Meet more people. - Learn from diverse cultures. - Attend international events. They stay up to date with global trends and the latest ideas. This makes them more competitive in their industry. 6. Some Languages Offer Bigger BenefitsSome languages are especially valuable. English is in high demand worldwide. People who speak English often earn more and get more job opportunities (Nagarajan, 2014). Other high-value languages include: - Spanish: In the U.S., jobs for Spanish speakers grew by 150% over five years. Spanish is also useful for working in Latin America (New American Economy, 2017). - Mandarin Chinese: Job advertisements asking for Mandarin tripled between 2010 and 2015. It is useful in business, tourism, and international trade (New American Economy, 2017). - Arabic: Jobs needing Arabic grew by 150%. Arabic is important in the oil, gas, and security industries (New American Economy, 2017). - German and French: These are useful in Europe, Africa, and Canada. German is especially valuable in engineering and business (Liwiński, 2019). Even regional languages like Swahili, Hindi, and Russian can help in specific areas. The language you choose to learn can affect how much you benefit. But in general, all second languages add value. Final Thoughts: A Smart InvestmentLearning a second language is not just for fun. It is a skill that can change your life. Whether you want a better job, a higher salary, or to grow your business, language learning can help. In challenging times, it is tempting to stop learning. But the research shows that language skills pay off - today and in the future. Even a few words in a second language can make you more competitive. So, start where you are. Practice every day. And remember, it is not only what you know – it is also who you can speak to.&nbsp; ReferencesBacher, S. (2024) The Global Demand for Bilingual Professionals and Its Implications for Employers. Available at: https://businessleader.io/insight/the-global-demand-for-bilingual-professionals-and-its-implications-for-employers/ (Accessed: 8 May 2025). Colón, I. (2019) New Research Examines the Economic Benefits of Bilingualism. Available at: https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/new-research-examines-economic-benefits-bilingualism (Accessed: 8 May 2025). Hardach, S. (2018) Speaking more than one language can boost economic growth. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2018/02/speaking-more-languages-boost-economic-growth/ (Accessed: 8 May 2025). Jaros-White, G. (2022) Why It Pays to Be Bilingual. Available at: https://www.languagetesting.com/blog/why-it-pays-to-be-bilingual/ (Accessed: 8 May 2025). Liwiński, J. (2019) ‘The wage premium from foreign language skills’, Empirica 46, pp. 691–711. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09459-0&nbsp;Nagarajan, R. (2014) 'English edge: Those who speak the language fluently "earn 34% more than others"', Times of India, 5 January. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/english-edge-those-who-speak-the-language-fluently-earn-34-more-than-others/articleshow/28414991.cms (Accessed: 8 May 2025). New American Economy (2017) Demand for Bilingual Workers More than Doubled in 5 years, New Report Shows. Available at: https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/press-release/demand-for-bilingual-workers-more-than-doubled-in-5-years-new-report-shows/ (Accessed: 8 May 2025).

Why Learning a Second Language Pays Off (Even During Hard Times)

This article will guide you through how to talk about your job role and daily responsibilities in English with clarity, confidence, and professionalism.

Whether you're introducing yourself to a colleague, writing a professional bio, or attending a job interview, being able to describe your job role and responsibilities in clear and professional English is an essential skill. For ESL (English as a Second Language) speakers, this can sometimes feel challenging, especially when trying to use the right vocabulary or when unsure of how much detail to include.<hr><img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d13b6bb82rr2nh3umj70.jpg"> Why This Skill Matters Knowing how to describe what you do at work is useful in many situations, including: - Introducing yourself to clients or colleagues- Networking at events- Writing your resume or LinkedIn profile- Participating in team meetings- Speaking in job interviews- Taking part in international projects or remote work For ESL learners, having a clear script and key phrases ready makes you feel more confident and helps others understand you easily. Start with a Simple Introduction When someone asks, “What do you do?” or “Tell me about your job,” begin with a general sentence that gives your job title and the company you work for. Examples: - “I’m a marketing assistant at a tech company in Cape Town.”- “I work as a customer service representative for an e-commerce business.”&nbsp;-“I’m the logistics coordinator at a recycling company.”Use the present simple tense to talk about your current job. Useful Job Title Vocabulary Make sure you know the English version of your job title. Here are some common ones across different industries:<table table_id="8ye4x8rln4g"><tr row_id="mukfwskeec"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="mukfwskeec" cell_id="j2x6ba35lk9">Field</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="mukfwskeec" cell_id="zepmutqogq8">Job Title Examples</td></tr><tr row_id="hgzyfbkj8f4"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="hgzyfbkj8f4" cell_id="57pwx7sj1kw">Administration</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="hgzyfbkj8f4" cell_id="bm4vly53t2k">Office Manager, Administrative Assistant</td></tr><tr row_id="l4vjkjp3us"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="l4vjkjp3us" cell_id="ruwos4k047s">Finance</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="l4vjkjp3us" cell_id="fvvf5c3d2ge">Accountant, Financial Analyst</td></tr><tr row_id="gcjjfwjvxkw"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="gcjjfwjvxkw" cell_id="ydw11nu7q6q">Sales</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="gcjjfwjvxkw" cell_id="0eeuyw49almf">Sales Representative, Account Manager</td></tr><tr row_id="suokx2hxsq"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="suokx2hxsq" cell_id="jvjw71jydjl">IT</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="suokx2hxsq" cell_id="qh1ghehxt7">Software Developer, IT Support Specialist</td></tr><tr row_id="h4uoizfnm48"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="h4uoizfnm48" cell_id="kdvs7cm8pb">Marketing</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="h4uoizfnm48" cell_id="510lr7oagtb">Social Media Manager, Marketing Coordinator</td></tr><tr row_id="c0lab6vsbrw"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="c0lab6vsbrw" cell_id="tzdbo94l6q">Logistics</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="c0lab6vsbrw" cell_id="cs1f81t0na">Warehouse Supervisor, Supply Chain Planner</td></tr><tr row_id="6rj8qbq4fta"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="6rj8qbq4fta" cell_id="yn2w0jdbah">Education</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="6rj8qbq4fta" cell_id="44uxd24yzur">Teacher, Academic Coordinator</td></tr><tr row_id="kz7o0j5avf"><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="kz7o0j5avf" cell_id="fls9k2kq0ik">Customer Service</td><td table_id="8ye4x8rln4g" row_id="kz7o0j5avf" cell_id="l0eqcnd2bsf">Customer Support Agent, Call Center Operator</td></tr></table> Talk About Your Main ResponsibilitiesOnce you introduce your title, you can explain what your main tasks are. Try to describe 3 to 5 key responsibilities using action verbs. Common verbs to describe work duties: - Manage- Organize- Coordinate- Handle- Support- Monitor- Report- Lead- Develop- Maintain Example structure: “I manage our inventory levels and coordinate with suppliers to make sure deliveries arrive on time.”Other examples:- “I handle customer complaints and provide solutions by phone and email.”- “I update our social media accounts and create content for marketing campaigns.”- “I prepare financial reports for management and analyze monthly expenses.” Add Structure Using Sequencing or Frequency Phrases These help organize your explanation and make your English sound more natural. Use phrases like: - “Every day, I…”- “Most of my time is spent…”- “On a typical day…”- “I’m also responsible for…”- “In addition to that…” Example: “On a typical day, I check incoming orders, respond to client emails, and update our delivery schedule. I’m also responsible for training new staff members.” Describing Tools, Software, or Equipment You Use It’s helpful to mention any tools or systems you use regularly, especially if you’re in a technical or office-based job. Examples: - “I use Excel to create reports and track expenses.”- “We use Slack and Zoom for team communication.”- “I operate forklift machinery in the warehouse.”- “I work with CRM systems like Salesforce to manage customer data.” How to Explain Your Job to Non-Specialists If your job is technical or specific to a certain field, it’s helpful to explain it in simpler terms for people who may not understand your industry. Example: - Technical version: “I analyze user data from web platforms to improve UX design.”- Simpler version: “I study how people use our website so we can make it easier for them to navigate.”This is especially useful when networking or speaking with people from other departments or countries. Practice Introducing Yourself in a Work Context Here’s a sample dialogue you can practice:Person A: What do you do at your company?Person B: I’m a finance officer at Revive Africa. I prepare monthly financial reports, manage budgets, and help with planning for future projects. I also use Excel and Sage to keep track of expenses.Person A: That sounds interesting. Do you work with a team?Person B: Yes, I work closely with the logistics and operations teams to make sure we stay within budget and improve our processes. How to Talk About Career Progression It’s also useful to describe how your job has changed over time. Phrases you can use: - “I started as a… and now I’m a…”- “Over the past few years, I’ve taken on more responsibilities, including…”- “I was recently promoted to…” Example: “I started as a customer service assistant, but over time I’ve taken on more tasks. Now, I lead the customer service team and manage our training program.” Common Mistakes to Avoid Here are a few things ESL speakers should watch out for:- Using too much jargon or slang: Keep it simple and clear unless you’re sure the listener understands the terms.- Being too vague: Don’t just say, “I do everything” or “I help out.” Be specific.- Using the wrong tense: Use the present simple for your current job and past simple for previous roles. Bonus Vocabulary List: Common Work Duties <table table_id="apr0alxaq8e"><tr row_id="ee2w0r1gy4"><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="ee2w0r1gy4" cell_id="13ybu4j2ymbr">Verb</td><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="ee2w0r1gy4" cell_id="9ducnu9pcmk">Example</td></tr><tr row_id="kqpmggex2w"><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="kqpmggex2w" cell_id="oz5al0xijac">Organize</td><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="kqpmggex2w" cell_id="oyieht20le">“I organize weekly staff meetings.”</td></tr><tr row_id="x1fq7snna9f"><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="x1fq7snna9f" cell_id="vzftu48d57">Maintain</td><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="x1fq7snna9f" cell_id="ko8al02xoe">“I maintain the company website.”</td></tr><tr row_id="cy2cp1n4skd"><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="cy2cp1n4skd" cell_id="n2q069o9l8">Assist</td><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="cy2cp1n4skd" cell_id="x1isru15dj">“I assist the HR department with hiring.”</td></tr><tr row_id="ol3syj7iyb"><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="ol3syj7iyb" cell_id="shdwy4p2rzg">Conduct</td><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="ol3syj7iyb" cell_id="415mh1masf">“I conduct market research.”</td></tr><tr row_id="6rf4zswqpnq"><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="6rf4zswqpnq" cell_id="v437f9mdll">Prepare</td><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="6rf4zswqpnq" cell_id="2spy8z2o1xk">“I prepare invoices and reports.”</td></tr><tr row_id="puwtfnc099"><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="puwtfnc099" cell_id="60j9mku98kq">Collaborate</td><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="puwtfnc099" cell_id="n5v0q2mv65">“I collaborate with the marketing team.”</td></tr><tr row_id="6gcvddctgsn"><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="6gcvddctgsn" cell_id="u0wq9nhde6c">Implement</td><td table_id="apr0alxaq8e" row_id="6gcvddctgsn" cell_id="yrv7au4sanc">“I help implement new systems.”</td></tr></table> <img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d13b6fkda609eu3nmj4g.jpg"> Being able to clearly describe your job role and responsibilities is a powerful way to build confidence and sound professional in English. Whether you're meeting someone new, writing your resume, or preparing for a job interview, the ability to explain what you do — clearly and confidently — opens doors. Practice talking about your role using the tips in this article, and soon it will feel natural and easy.

Describing Your Job Role and Responsibilities in English

When I was living abroad, one of the most common questions I got was, “So, do you speak Mandarin or Cantonese?” It always made me pause for a second — to many people outside of China, Chinese seems to come in only these two versions.

Mandarin and Cantonese have become the most internationally recognized forms of Chinese for different reasons. Mandarin is China’s official language — the language of government, education, national media, and public life. Cantonese, on the other hand, gained global visibility thanks to Hong Kong cinema, pop music, and the Cantonese-speaking communities abroad.&nbsp;The reality is, depending on where you’re standing in China, people might speak something completely different. <h3>Growing Up with Foochow</h3>I was born in Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian province in southeastern China. While Mandarin was my first language, I grew up surrounded by Fuzhouhua (福州话), or Foochow — a branch of the Min language group. It was the language of my nanny, of the street market, of overheard conversations on buses and in neighborhood alleyways. For centuries, Foochow was the main language spoken in Fuzhou and neighboring cities — the everyday tongue of family life, trade, and local governance — until Mandarin was promoted as the national language in the mid-20th century, gradually reshaping the linguistic landscape of the region. <h3>History, Geography and Language</h3>Foochow is not mutually intelligible with Mandarin. With seven tones, its rhythm feels older, more winding — and in fact, it preserves many features of Middle Chinese, the historical language spoken over a thousand years ago. Phonetically and structurally, Foochow has more in common with how Chinese might have sounded during the Tang or Song dynasties. That’s why Tang poetry often rhymes more naturally when read aloud in Foochow.&nbsp;So why are dialects like Foochow so different from Mandarin? Geography plays a big role. Mandarin is largely spoken in northern China, where flat plains and easier transportation allowed speech to become more uniform over time. Southern China, by contrast, is mountainous and fragmented. Communities historically lived more isolated lives, and their languages evolved separately.&nbsp;<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i0qujfbv7gh623o6ug.jpg"> <h3>Dialect or Language?</h3>In fact, the term “dialect” can be misleading. From a linguistic perspective, many Chinese “dialects” are so distinct that they function more like separate languages — some are as different from each other as Italian is from Spanish. But in Chinese, they’re all classified under the umbrella of “dialects” (方言, fāngyán), largely for historical and political reasons. By labeling them as dialects rather than separate languages, they were made to appear less distant from Mandarin, which helped promote a sense of unity and made the push for a standardized national language more acceptable to the public.Here’s a quick overview of the major Chinese language groups:<ul><li>Mandarin (Putonghua): Based on the Beijing local language, spoken by the majority across northern China. It’s the standardized version taught in schools and used in media and public life.</li></ul> <ul><li>Cantonese (Yue): Spoken in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau, and known for its six tones and rich presence in pop culture, cinema, and overseas communities.</li></ul> <ul><li>Wu: Includes Shanghainese and other local languages from the Yangtze River Delta. It’s known for its soft, flowing sounds and deep literary heritage.</li></ul> <ul><li>Min: A highly diverse group mostly found in Fujian, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. Includes Hokkien, Teochew, and Foochow. Even villages just miles apart may speak different versions.</li></ul> <ul><li>Hakka (Kejia): Scattered throughout southern China and Southeast Asia. Hakka communities have a strong sense of cultural and linguistic identity.</li></ul> <ul><li>Other groups include Xiang, Gan, Jin, Huizhou, and Pinghua — each with its own history, identity, and variations.</li></ul><img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i0r1550tjdav5oqb20.jpg"> Decline and Revival&nbsp;Sadly, many of these languages are in decline. Most people of my generation in Fuzhou are not fluent in Foochow. In my primary school, speaking Foochow among peers was discouraged — even forbidden. Mandarin was promoted as the proper and educated way to speak.That said, there is now a small but growing revival. Younger people are becoming more interested in their local languages as a way to reconnect with their heritage. If you’re interested in learning Foochow, I highly recommend checking out my friend’s YouTube channel 真鳥囝福州話學堂 (https://www.youtube.com/@zingzeu_foochow), and this Mandarin–Foochow dictionary (https://www.ydict.net/) is also very helpful! Let’s Learn Some Foochow!Here are a few words and phrases to get you started:<ul><li>Hello: 汝好 (Nṳ̄ hō̤)</li></ul> <ul><li>Good-bye: 再見 (Cái-giéng)</li></ul> <ul><li>Thank you: 謝謝 (Siâ-siâ)</li></ul> <ul><li>Do you speak Foochow?: 汝會講福州話賣？(Nṳ̄ â̤ gōng Hók-ciŭ-uâ mâ̤?)</li></ul> <ul><li>I don’t understand: 我賣會意 (Nguāi mâ̤ huôi-é)</li></ul> If you’d like to learn more Foochow, feel free to check out my teaching profile — I’d love to share my language and culture with you!I hope you enjoyed exploring Chinese languages with me. Do you speak any Chinese languages? Share in the comments — I’d love to hear from you!

China’s Many Languages: Growing Up with Foochow

Brazilian soap operas, known as “novelas”, offer one of the most effective ways to learn authentic Portuguese. These dramatic series immerse you in real-life language usage, complete with current slang, emotional expressions, and cultural context that textbooks often miss.

The secret lies in their repetitive nature and engaging storylines that keep you coming back for more, creating the perfect environment for natural language acquisition right from your living room. Finding the Perfect Starting PointChoosing the right ”novela” makes all the difference for beginners. If you're just starting your Portuguese journey, opt for lighter shows like "Chiquititas" or "Carrossel," which feature simpler vocabulary and slower-paced dialogue about school life and family relationships. These productions intentionally articulate words clearly, making them ideal training wheels. As your comprehension improves, you can graduate to more complex dramas like "Avenida Brasil" or "Beleza Fatal," where characters speak faster and use richer vocabulary. The First Crucial Viewing - No SubtitlesBegin by watching scenes completely without subtitles. This might feel uncomfortable initially, but it's essential for training your ears to process Portuguese sounds naturally. Focus on the musical rhythm of the language, how sentences rise and fall, and how actors emphasize certain words. Pay attention to facial expressions and body language that provide context clues. Even if you only catch occasional words like "amor" (love) or "casa" (house), you're building critical listening skills.<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i0n83fbv7gh623o6ag.jpg">The Second Viewing - Portuguese SubtitlesNow rewatch the same scene with Portuguese subtitles activated. This is when you'll connect the sounds you heard to their written forms. Keep a notebook handy to jot down 3-5 new phrases per scene - any more will overwhelm your memory. Focus on practical expressions like "Como vai você?" (How are you?) or "Que horas são?" (What time is it?). Scenes showing everyday situations like grocery shopping or coffee breaks contain the most useful vocabulary. Understanding Through TranslationFor your third viewing, switch to subtitles in your native language. This step helps verify if you correctly understood the Portuguese dialogue. Pay special attention to phrases that don't translate directly, like "Fiquei com a pulga atrás da orelha" (literally "I got a flea behind my ear," meaning "I became suspicious"). These idioms reveal how Brazilians express thoughts differently, giving you insight beyond literal meanings. Testing Your Listening ComprehensionNow challenge yourself by watching the scene again without any subtitles. After multiple exposures, you'll be amazed how much more you understand. Don't worry if you miss parts - simply rewind and check the Portuguese subtitles again. This back-and-forth strengthens your ability to parse meaning from sound alone, a crucial skill for real conversations. Bringing Words to Life Through SpeakingThe most transformative step comes when you start speaking along with the actors. Select short, expressive phrases like "Nossa, que legal!" (Wow, how cool!) or "Que absurdo!" (That's ridiculous!) and imitate them exactly, matching the pronunciation and emotion. Record yourself and compare to the original - you'll immediately notice areas to improve, like the nasal "ão" sound or the flowing rhythm of questions. The Power of Repetitive WatchingDon't hesitate to watch the same episode multiple times. Each viewing reveals new details - perhaps a hand gesture that clarifies meaning, or a joke that finally makes sense. This repetition mimics how children learn language naturally, absorbing patterns subconsciously through constant exposure. Many learners report suddenly understanding whole conversations after several replays. Focusing on Practical ScenesPrioritize scenes depicting daily life - characters ordering food, chatting at work, or arguing with family. These contain the most transferable vocabulary. A powerful technique called shadowing (speaking simultaneously with the actors) works particularly well with these realistic dialogues. Start with 10-second clips, then gradually increase the length as your fluency improves. Measuring Progress Over PerfectionRemember, the goal isn't immediate perfection but steady improvement. You might start by understanding just 10% of an episode, then 30%, then suddenly 70% as your brain adapts. Celebrate when you recognize previously learned phrases in new contexts, or when you spontaneously think of a “novela” expression in real-life situations. Making It a Daily HabitConsistency trumps intensity. Even 20 minutes daily with focused attention yields better results than occasional binge-watching. Many successful learners follow a routine: watch new scenes in the morning, review vocabulary at lunch, and practice shadowing in the evening. This spaced repetition solidifies learning. Taking the Next Steps to your Portuguese TransformationWhen you're ready to advance, try watching news segments on the same channel as your “novela” - you'll recognize actors' voices while expanding your vocabulary. Join online forums where learners discuss episodes, or find a language partner to reenact scenes together. The key is keeping the experience enjoyable while systematically building skills. Imagine understanding Brazilian songs, joking with locals during your next trip, or even dreaming in Portuguese. These milestones become achievable through regular “novela” immersion. Start today with episode one of your chosen series - your future fluent self will thank you! For personalized recommendations based on your current level and interests, don't hesitate to ask for suggestions tailored to your learning journey.<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i0nbqs0j9bmrrbqqm0.jpg">

HOW TO LEARN PORTUGUESE WITH BRAZILIAN SOAP OPERAS

Many learners find the verb 'piacere' confusing because it works very differently from the English verb to like.

In English, the subject is the person who likes something, and the object is the thing that is liked. But in Italian, it is the opposite: the thing that is liked becomes the subject of the sentence, and the person who likes it is the indirect object—the one to whom the thing is pleasing.&nbsp;That is because piacere literally means to be pleasing. So instead of saying "I like the&nbsp;pizza," you’re really saying "The pizza is pleasing to me."&nbsp; Here is how that looks in practice:&nbsp;-Mi piace la pizza. --&gt; The pizza (subject) is pleasing to me (indirect object).-Ti piace il gelato? --&gt; Is the ice cream (subject) pleasing to you (indirect object)? Understanding who is doing what in the sentence helps you get the grammar right, and once you get the hang of it, you will see that this structure is used with other Italian verbs too, like mancare (to miss) and servire (to be needed).&nbsp;<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i08vt50tjdav5oq830.jpg">Today, we will explore:&nbsp;1. How piacere works and why it is different from English&nbsp;2. How it changes with singular and plural objects&nbsp;3. How to use piacere in different tenses and with pronouns&nbsp; Are you ready? Let’s dive in!&nbsp; 1. How piacere works and why it is different from English&nbsp;The structure of piacere is: [Indirect object] + piacere + [subject], e.g.:&nbsp;-Mi piace la pizza. --&gt; The pizza pleases me. (I like pizza.)&nbsp;-Ti piace il gelato? --&gt; Do you like ice cream?&nbsp;-A Maria piace il vino rosso. --&gt; Maria likes red wine.&nbsp; Here, mi and ti are indirect object pronouns:&nbsp;-mi = to me&nbsp;-ti = to you&nbsp;-gli = to him&nbsp;-le = to her&nbsp;-ci = to us&nbsp;-vi = to you (plural)&nbsp;-gli = to them (masculine or feminine) 2. How it changes with singular and plural objects&nbsp; The verb piacere changes its form to agree in number with the thing or things being liked,&nbsp;rather than with the person who likes them. In other words, if what is liked is a singular noun, you use piace, and if what is liked is a plural noun, you use piacciono. The verb always matches the grammatical subject, which, in this case, is the item or items that are considered pleasing.&nbsp;e.g.:&nbsp;-Mi piace la musica classica. --&gt; I like classical music (music is singular, so we say&nbsp;mi piace).&nbsp;-Mi piacciono i film italiani. --&gt; I like Italian movies (movies is plural, so we say mi&nbsp;piacciono).&nbsp; 3. How to use piacere in different tenses and with pronouns&nbsp;Like all verbs, piacere can be used in different tenses. In the passato prossimo, it uses essere as the auxiliary verb, and it must agree with the subject in gender and number. But here is the tricky part: In the passato prossimo, piacere always uses essere as the auxiliary verb (not avere like many other verbs). And because it uses essere, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the sentence, that is, with the thing that was liked. e.g.:&nbsp; -Singular masculine subject&nbsp;Mi è piaciuto il film. --&gt; I liked the movie.&nbsp;(Film is masculine and singular, so we use piaciuto.)&nbsp;-Singular feminine subject&nbsp;Ti è piaciuta la canzone? --&gt; Did you like the song?&nbsp;(Canzone is feminine and singular, so we use piaciuta.)&nbsp;-Plural masculine subject&nbsp;Ci sono piaciuti i libri. --&gt; We liked the books.&nbsp;(Libri is masculine and plural, so we use piaciuti.)-Plural feminine subject&nbsp; Vi sono piaciute le vacanze? --&gt; Did you all like the holidays?&nbsp;(Vacanze is feminine and plural, so we use piaciute.)&nbsp; As we are nearing the end of this article, I would like to leave you with a quick tip before&nbsp;wrapping up:&nbsp;The verb piacere often appears in impersonal constructions, especially when talking about general preferences or abstract concepts.&nbsp;e.g.:&nbsp;-Ti piace viaggiare? --&gt; Do you like traveling?&nbsp;-Mi piace studiare l’italiano. --&gt; I like studying Italian.&nbsp;-Non ci è piaciuto aspettare così tanto. --&gt; We didn’t like having to wait so long. In these cases, the subject is an entire action (viaggiare, studiare, aspettare), not a tangible noun. However, the grammar rules still apply: the verb agrees with the subject, in this&nbsp;case, the infinitive verb (which is treated as singular), and the person reacting to it is still the indirect object.&nbsp; Recognizing these patterns will help you not only with piacere, but with many everyday expressions in Italian.&nbsp;<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i09sn3ggc3ktgdnoig.jpg">That is all for today’s lesson!&nbsp; Understanding piacere is key to sounding more natural in Italian. It may seem tricky at first, but with practice, this verb will become second nature. If you want to go even further, try applying this same logic to verbs like mancare, servire, and interessare, which follow a similar structure. Of course, if you have any questions or other topics you would like me to cover, let me know in the comments below.&nbsp; Thank you for reading this article!&nbsp;If you want to learn more about me, feel free to check out my profile. Ciao!&nbsp; Germana

How to use the Italian verb ‘Piacere’ correctly

Let’s be honest — speaking confidently on a call is hard enough in your native language. Add a second language and a shaky internet connection, and suddenly, saying "Hi" feels like climbing a mountain in flip-flops.

If you're a remote worker (hello, Zoom warriors, Teams travelers, and Google Meet gladiators), mastering a few simple English tricks can make your calls way smoother and a lot less stressful.Let me explain how. We’re going to tackle three important areas: greeting and small talk, asking for clarification, and ending the call like a pro. No awkward silences. No weird goodbyes. Sound good? Let’s get rolling.<hr> First Impressions Matter: Greeting and Small TalkStarting a video call is like walking into a room where everyone’s already talking. It's easy to feel like the "new kid" for a second. But a warm greeting? That’s your golden ticket.Instead of a robotic "Hello, I am here," try something a little more natural:<ul><li>"Hi [Name], good to see you! How’s everything going?"</li><li>"Hey everyone! Hope you're all doing well."</li></ul>See the difference? It’s just a sprinkle of warmth — and it goes a long way.Pro Tip: If the call hasn’t officially started yet (maybe you're waiting for others), small talk is your secret weapon. Here are a few casual starters:<ul><li>"How’s the weather over there? We’re basically melting over here."</li><li>"Did anyone catch the game last night?"</li><li>"Any good weekend plans coming up?"</li></ul>You don't need to be a stand-up comedian. Just showing you're present and friendly makes people relax—including you.And you know what? Smiling (even if you feel a little silly) genuinely makes your voice sound friendlier. People can hear your smile through the screen. Wild, right?<hr><img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i03d7dra7v4got3o70.jpg">Lost in the Connection? How to Ask for ClarificationHere’s the thing about remote calls: audio glitches are basically part of the package. Sometimes you’ll miss a word... or ten. No big deal. What matters is how you ask when you didn’t catch something.Instead of the awkward "What?!" or staying silent while nodding like you understood (we’ve all been there), use phrases like:<ul><li>"Sorry, could you repeat that? I didn’t catch it."</li><li>"Would you mind saying that again? It cut out for a second."</li><li>"Just to make sure I understood you correctly, you said [repeat part you heard]?"</li></ul>These are magic phrases. They sound polite, professional, and—most importantly—natural.Quick Heads-Up: Sometimes it's not just bad audio; sometimes it's new vocabulary or complicated ideas. If that's the case, feel free to slow things down:<ul><li>"I'm not familiar with that term—could you explain it a little more?"</li><li>"Would you mind giving an example?"</li></ul>Trust me, even native speakers use these tricks. Nobody will think less of you for asking—actually, they'll probably respect you more.<hr><img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i03hfdra7v4got3o80.jpg">Wrapping Things Up: Ending the Call PolitelyEver notice how ending a video call can feel almost…weirdly dramatic? Everyone waves. There’s a tiny panic moment about who should click "Leave Meeting" first. It's basically the adult version of saying goodbye five times at a family party.Make it smoother with a clear, cheerful wrap-up:<ul><li>"Thanks so much, everyone. Really appreciate your time!"</li><li>"Great talking with you—I'll follow up by email."</li><li>"Thanks again, have a great rest of your day!"</li></ul>If you’re the one leading the call (or you just want to sound extra polished), you can even give a quick summary:<ul><li>"Alright, so just to recap, I'll send the notes by tomorrow, and we’ll meet again next Thursday. Thanks, everyone!"</li></ul>Then—and this part’s important—smile, say "Bye!" naturally, and click "Leave" without dragging it out. Clean. Confident. Done.Side Note: If you’re in a very formal meeting (especially with new clients or leadership), you might want to swap "Hi" and "Hey" for "Hello," and "Thanks" for "Thank you." Tiny tweaks make a big difference when reading the room.<hr><img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0i03lfdra7v4got3o90.jpg">Little Extras That Make a Big DifferenceWhile we’re here, a few bonus tips—because why not give you the "secret sauce," right?<ul><li>Check your tech: Before the call, make sure your mic, camera, and internet are good. A $20 headset can make you sound like a million bucks.</li><li>Mute yourself when not speaking: It’s polite and avoids background noise disasters (like your dog losing his mind over the mailman).</li><li>Have notes, but stay flexible: It's smart to jot down key points, but don't read word-for-word. Conversations &gt; scripts.</li><li>Be patient with yourself: Seriously. Everyone fumbles words sometimes. It's not a language thing; it's a human thing.</li></ul><hr>Wrapping It All TogetherSpeaking confidently on a phone or video call isn't about perfect grammar or flawless pronunciation. It’s about connection — sounding real, sounding interested, and keeping the energy positive.Will you sometimes talk too fast? Probably. Will you occasionally forget the word for "spreadsheet" and call it "that number table thing"? Absolutely.And you know what? It’s fine. More than fine. It's human.With a few good phrases, a little practice, and a lot of grace for yourself, you’ll not only survive your calls — you’ll shine on them.Next time you hear that "beep beep" of a meeting starting, take a deep breath, smile, and say:"Hi everyone! So happy to be here."Because, honestly? You totally belong there.

Phone and Video Call English: Sounding Confident Remotely

In any professional setting, difficult conversations are inevitable. Whether it’s addressing poor performance, discussing a sensitive issue with a colleague, or giving negative feedback to a team member, knowing how to manage these conversations respectfully and effectively is an essential skill. 

In any professional setting, difficult conversations are inevitable. Whether it’s addressing poor performance, discussing a sensitive issue with a colleague, or giving negative feedback to a team member, knowing how to manage these conversations respectfully and effectively is an essential skill. For English as a Second Language (ESL) learners, these conversations can feel even more intimidating due to language and cultural barriers. However, with the right preparation and communication techniques, anyone can navigate difficult discussions confidently in English.This article explores how to handle challenging conversations at work, especially for ESL speakers. You’ll learn common phrases, cultural tips, and strategies to ensure your message is clear, respectful, and professional. 1. Why Difficult Conversations MatterAvoiding difficult conversations can lead to misunderstandings, resentment, or reduced team performance. When handled correctly, these discussions can: -Improve workplace relationships-Clarify expectations-Solve problems efficiently-Build trust and respect As an ESL speaker, developing this skill in English will help you communicate more confidently and build stronger professional relationships. 2. Prepare Before the ConversationPreparation is key to success. Before starting the conversation: -Clarify your objective: What is the main purpose of the conversation? Is it to give feedback, resolve a conflict, or request a change?-Write down your points: This helps you organize your thoughts and ensures you don’t forget anything important.-Think about the other person’s perspective: Consider how they might feel or react.-Practice key phrases: If you’re worried about your English, rehearse what you want to say. <img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0hvp0550tjdav5oq620.jpg">3. Start the Conversation CalmlyThe beginning of the conversation sets the tone. Stay calm, polite, and professional. Avoid jumping straight into the problem.Useful phrases to start: -"Thank you for taking the time to speak with me."-"I wanted to talk to you about something that’s been on my mind."-"I appreciate your work and would like to discuss a few concerns." 4. Use Clear and Neutral LanguageAvoid emotional or judgmental language. Be direct but respectful. Focus on facts and behaviors, not personal attacks.Instead of: -"You’re always late and lazy." Say:-"I’ve noticed that you’ve been arriving late this week. Can we talk about what’s been happening?" Useful phrases:-"I’ve observed that..."-"I wanted to understand more about..."-"It seems that..." Using neutral language makes the conversation less confrontational and more constructive.<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d0hvph7dra7v4got3mr0.jpg"> 5. Listen ActivelyA conversation goes both ways. Show that you are listening and that you care about the other person’s point of view.Tips for active listening:-Nod and maintain eye contact-Don’t interrupt-Repeat or summarize what the other person saysUseful phrases: -"I see what you’re saying."-"So, what I hear is that..."-"That must have been difficult." 6. Focus on SolutionsDon’t just focus on the problem—discuss how to move forward. Offer suggestions and ask for the other person’s ideas.Useful phrases: -"What can we do to resolve this?"-"Let’s work together to find a solution."-"Would it help if we..."This shows you’re committed to improving the situation, not just pointing out issues. 7. Stay Professional and Emotionally CalmIt’s natural to feel emotional during difficult conversations, but staying calm helps maintain professionalism.Tips: -Take deep breaths-Speak slowly and clearly-Pause if needed to collect your thoughtsAvoid raising your voice, blaming others, or using sarcasm. 8. Follow Up After the ConversationAfter the conversation, send a short follow-up message or summary to clarify agreements or next steps.Sample follow-up email:Subject: Follow-Up from Today’s DiscussionHi [Name],Thank you for speaking with me today. I appreciate your openness. As we discussed, we agreed to [brief summary of solution or next steps]. Please let me know if there’s anything else you’d like to add.Best regards,[Your Name]This helps ensure there are no misunderstandings. 9. Common Challenges for ESL Speakers and How to Overcome Them-Fear of saying the wrong thing: Practice with a colleague or language tutor before the conversation.-Difficulty understanding native speakers: Ask them to speak more slowly or to repeat important points.-Unsure about tone or politeness: Use polite phrases and softeners like:	-"I may be wrong, but..."	-"Would you mind if I asked..."			-Translating directly from your language: Some expressions don’t translate well. Try to think in 		 English and focus on simple, clear sentences. 10. Cultural ConsiderationsDifferent cultures handle difficult conversations in different ways. Some cultures value direct communication, while others prefer a more indirect approach.Tips:-Observe how others in your workplace handle these situations.-Adjust your style to match your environment while still being authentic.-If you're unsure, ask a trusted colleague for feedback. Handling difficult conversations is an important part of professional communication. For ESL learners, it can feel challenging at first, but with preparation, practice, and the right language, you can approach these situations with confidence. Remember to stay calm, focus on the issue—not the person—and always aim for a respectful and constructive outcome.By mastering this skill in English, you not only improve your workplace relationships but also grow as a professional in the global business world.What strategies do you use to stay professional when emotions are high during a conversation?

How to Handle Difficult Conversations at Work

The placement of adjectives in Italian plays a crucial role in determining the meaning  of a sentence.

The placement of adjectives in Italian plays a crucial role in determining the meaning&nbsp;of a sentence. Unlike English, where adjectives are typically placed before the noun and&nbsp;do not significantly alter their meaning, Italian adjectives can shift between pre nominal (before the noun) and post-nominal (after the noun) positions, often resulting&nbsp;in a substantial change in interpretation.&nbsp;Today we will explore:&nbsp; 1. Why adjective placement matters in Italian&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Common adjectives that change meaning based on position&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Special adjectives like bello, grande, buono, santo and how they change form Are you ready? Let’s dive in! <h3>1. Why adjective placement matters in Italian&nbsp;</h3> In Italian, adjective placement can completely change the meaning of a sentence. For example:&nbsp;&nbsp;• un vecchio amico = a long-time friend&nbsp;• un amico vecchio = a friend who is old&nbsp; Did you notice the difference? The adjective before the noun often has a figurative or&nbsp;subjective meaning, while the adjective after the noun describes a literal quality. Let’s look at more examples!&nbsp; <h3>2. Common adjectives that change meaning based on position&nbsp;</h3>• Vecchio (old)&nbsp;-un vecchio amico → a longtime friend (figurative meaning)&nbsp;-un amico vecchio → a friend who is old (literal meaning)&nbsp; • Grande (big, great)&nbsp;- una grande città → an important/great city&nbsp;- una città grande → a physically large city&nbsp; • Povero (poor)&nbsp;- un povero uomo → a man who is unfortunate&nbsp;- un uomo povero → a man who is financially poor&nbsp; • Certo (certain, particular)&nbsp;- una certa risposta → a particular answer&nbsp;- una risposta certa → a sure/certain answerThese small differences can make a huge impact on what you are actually saying!&nbsp; <h3>3. Special adjectives like bello, grande, buono, santo and how they&nbsp;change form&nbsp;&nbsp;</h3>In Italian, some adjectives change their form depending on the first letter of the noun&nbsp;they describe. This happens to adjectives like bello (beautiful), grande (big/great),&nbsp;buono (good), and santo (saint/holy).&nbsp; Bello (beautiful)&nbsp;The adjective bello follows the same pattern as definite articles (il, lo, gli), changing its&nbsp;form depending on the noun’s initial letter.&nbsp;• un bel quadro (a beautiful painting)&nbsp;• un bello zaino (a beautiful backpack) → Before nouns starting with&nbsp;s+consonant, z, y, gn, x&nbsp; Grande (big, great)&nbsp;The adjective grande generally remains unchanged when describing singular nouns. But&nbsp;before masculine singular nouns starting with a consonant - excluding the special&nbsp;cases like s+consonant, z, y, gn, x - and to make it flow better, grande is shortened to&nbsp;gran.&nbsp;• un gran libro (a great book) → Before masculine singular nouns starting with a&nbsp;consonant (except s+consonant, z, y, gn, x)&nbsp;• un grande uomo (a great man)&nbsp;• un grande studente (a great student) Buono (good)&nbsp;Buono follows a similar pattern to bello, changing based on the initial letter of the noun&nbsp;it modifies. When buono is used before a masculine singular noun starting with a vowel&nbsp;or most consonants, it is shortened to buon.&nbsp;• un buon amico (a good friend)&nbsp;• un buono studente (a good student) → Before s+consonant, z, y, gn, x&nbsp; Santo (saint, holy)&nbsp;Santo also changes based on the noun it precedes. When it comes before a masculine&nbsp;singular proper noun that starts with a consonant (including most names), it is&nbsp;shortened to San. However, when santo comes before masculine singular proper&nbsp;nouns starting with s + consonant, santo keeps its full form.&nbsp;• San Pietro (Saint Peter) → Before most masculine singular names • Santo Stefano (Saint Stephen) → Before masculine singular names starting&nbsp;with s+consonant&nbsp;Learning these patterns will definitely make your Italian sound much more natural.&nbsp; That is all for today’s lesson!&nbsp; I hope this article has clarified some of your doubts regarding the adjective placement&nbsp;in Italian.&nbsp;Indeed, adjective placement in Italian is not arbitrary; rather, it is a key syntactic and&nbsp;semantic feature that significantly alters sentence meaning. Understanding these&nbsp;distinctions is essential for learners striving for fluency and precision in Italian. By mastering both placement rules and morphological changes, you can enhance&nbsp;their linguistic competence and express subtle nuances with greater accuracy. Of course, if you have any questions or other topics you would like me to cover, let me&nbsp;know in the comments below.&nbsp;Thank you for reading this article!&nbsp; If you want to learn more about me, feel free to check out my profile. Ciao!&nbsp;

The Role of Adjective Placement in Italian

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a) utilise 
b) overlook 
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a) cancel
b) arrange
c) ignore
d) forget

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Thank you for reading.

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