These are all fronted adverbials. That means that the adverbial word or phrase is placed at the start of the sentence. There are many types of adverbials. These ones state when something happened. Fronted adverbials need to be followed by a comma

This is just a matter of style, and will vary depending on what publication you're writing for. In general, an adverbial phrase that comes at the beginning of a sentence will be followed by a comma if the phrase is relatively long. If the adverbial phrase is fairly short, then there will usually be no comma. If it's medium length, just use your judgment. Commas in writing are meant as a substitute for pauses and intonation changes in speech, nothing more. It appears the examples you posted directly contradict my suggestion... nevertheless....

In your examples - same rules as for Russian. Meaning having a comma in there is most likely wrong, but you have to post the whole sentence to be sure.