They can often be used interchangeably. 'Play the' will perhaps be used for more specific statements:
He plays the guitar at church.
I can play the guitar for you right now.
Play guitar will be used more often in general statements:
Everybody plays guitar these days.
October 6, 2021
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I speak N American English and would use the two phrases interchangeably.
October 6, 2021
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