Is there any phrasal verb or colloquial expression in English which means “have enough sleep”? Is there any other way to ask “Did you have enough sleep?”

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I can think of these…..

I couldn't get a wink of sleep because of the noise.

The opposite 
I slept like a baby, 
I slept like a log/rock

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Did you rest well?
How did you sleep?
Are you well-rested?
Did you get enough sleep?

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In US, we wouldn't say, "have enough sleep," but rather, "did you get enough sleep?" Or "did you sleep enough?"

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Yes, a slang expression would be:
"Did you catch some Z's"?
(pronounced like "zeeeeeees")
or
"Did you get enough "shut-eye."

удачи

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If it's obvious that they didn't get enough sleep, and they are a friend/relative, you could also simply ask:

"Tired?"