Yes, there are nouns in French that do not end in "s" to indicate the plural form.
1. Some words that already end in -s or end in -z do not add an s to form the plural
E.g., le cas, les cas and le gaz, les gaz
2. Some (not all) words that end in -ail or -au add an x instead of an s:
E.g., travail -> travaux; général -> généraux
3. Some words that end in -ou add an x:
E.g., bijou -> bijoux
4. Many (but not all) words that end in -eu, -eau, and -au generally take an x:
E.g., lieu -> lieux, eau -> eaux, etc
5. Words that form irregular plural forms:
E.g., ail -> aulx (in older usage, but more commonly written as ails today), ciel -> cieux, oeil -> yeux
On the other hand, I can't think of a French word that is the same in the singular and plural forms other than words that already end in -s or -z.