1) I went to the super market today
"Pumunta ako sa merkado ngayong araw" is a literal translation but you could also say "Pumunta ako sa merkado kanina (earlier)".
2) I am going to the supermarket later
"Pupunta ako sa merkado mamaya."
3) Maria went to the Supermarket
"Pumunta si Maria sa merkado."
4) I bought bananas today
"Bumili ako ng mga saging ngayong araw" and again, you could also replace "ngayong araw" with "kanina (earlier)".
5) I am going to buy bananas today
"Bibili ako ng mga saging ngayong araw."
6) Maria bought bananas
"Bumili si Maria ng mga saging."
7) I am going to call Jon
"Tatawagin ko si Jon." Because of the way Tagalog verbs can be conjugated to focus on different objects, you could also say "Tatawag ako kay Jon" but the first way is the most common.
8) I called Jon/I talked with Jon on the telephone today
"Tinawag ako kay Jon."/"Naka-usap ko si Jon sa telefono ngayong araw."
9) Jon called me
"Tumawag sa akin si Jon."
10) I sent you some pictures & I am going to send you some pictures
These sentences in particular can be difficult to translate for the same reason mentioned above. You could choose to focus on yourself as the sender, the pictures as the objects being sent, or the person receiving the pictures. You could do this in the following way:
"Pinadalan kita ng mga picture (alternatively, "litrato" is the proper Tagalog word for picture)." = receiver focus
"Ipinadala ko ang mga picture sa iyo." = object focus
"Nagpadala ako ng mga picture sa iyo." = actor focus
Note that each of those three are all in past tense. To change tense without changing focus, you'd only have to follow the conjugation pattern for each prefix, namely pa- -an, ipa-, and magpa- respectively. If you have any more questions about how those work, please let me know.