actually, correct form is 'subject + object + verb or adjective'
but this rule is not that strict in korean as the comment above.
let me give you example.
강아지는 나를 따라다닌다.
in this sentence, subject is 강아지 , object is 나 , verb is 따라다닌다.
but if you say '강아지는 따라다닌다 나를, 나를 따라다닌다 강아지는', it is little awkward but can be understood.
hurt is both '아픈' and '아프다'
아팠다 is past present. I think you already know this.