你好Derek!
我希望能帮助你.
1 - Diario, cotidiano = the difference between them is the context. "Él hace ejercicios a diario" (他每天锻炼) // "Para él hacer ejercicios es algo cotidiano." (对他来说,行使是日常的事情) In this sentence you can't use "diario" because doesn't sound good.
2 - Talla, tamaño = "talla" is an specific measure of size, usually used for clothing or footwear ( you can also say "talle") // "tamaño" is very general, you can describe the size of anything with this word, can even say "el tamaño de sus palabras" ("the size of his words")
4 - "Verduras, hortalizas, legumbres " They're all different kinds of vegetable, all edible. But not all plants are edible, although all are vegetables. "Hortalizas" are a set of cultivated plants, consumed as food, and includes green vegetables (verduras ) and legumes (legumbres菽 ).
3 - Dañar, perjudicar = "perjudicar" means cause damage or adversely affect something or someone. "Fumar es perjudicial para la salud " (Smoking is harmful for health) // "Dañar" also means to cause damage, to harm, but it's more related to the concept of breaking or damaging in any way. You can say " Mi reloj está dañado" (broken, damaged) but you cannot say " Mi reloj está perjudicado", so the meaning is similar, but isn't the same.
I hope that my explanations have been clear.
Best wishes
Sofía.