The translations of both sentences are "work hard", however, "勤奋地” is an adverb describing the state of studying; while "勤奋” serves as a verb complement linked by "得” in "学习得勤奋". As they serve different functions in the sentences, 地 will be put before the verb while 得 will be placed after the verb. It's kind of tricky and sometimes these two expressions can be interchangeable.
e.g. 他说得很快。他很快地说。Both mean "He speaks very fast".
Hope this could answer your question. :) The best.