Is "nihongo" the noun or adjective version of the word "Japanese"?
In English, the word "Japanese" can be used as an adjective (to refer to Japan or its language, culture, or people) or as a noun (the language or the people). Does "nihongo" refer to both of these? Are there any other meanings to it?

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Answer

｢go｣ kanji is 語　which means language.  So,  nihongo 日本語　means Japanese language.
furansugo means French (language).
nihongo is a noun.

Answer

The word "nihongo (日本語) " means only Japanese language. (I mean, it is just a noun.)
The words corresponding to "Japanese"(adjective) are listed below.
Japanese people　→　日本人
Japanese culture　→　日本文化 or 日本の文化
Japanese food　→　日本食 or  日本の食べ物