Hi Ivan, I'll start with the second question about socks.
Yes, you're right that Harry is looking for ANY socks, even if they don't match. Socks in general. We can't use "the" because that would mean a special pair of socks, and we should already know which one. We don't need "his socks" because Harry's only searching through his own clothes.
Certain phrases work as adverbs, and these normally don't need articles. Phrases such as "to bed", "in bed" and "out of bed" don't use an article. There are extra nuances: "to bed" means the intention of sleeping; "in bed" means sleeping, resting or feeling unwell; "got out of bed" suggests that you might have things to do. These are not neutral movements.
Can I ask you to explain the rule for using "the", as you learnt it? I suspect there's a misunderstanding there, and it probably isn't your fault.