No. I can't think of a context where it would be correct to ask this. I suspect that the speaker should have used a present perfect and said either "How long have you lived in London?" or "How long have you been living in London?". This would prompt an answer such as "Ten years. I moved here in 2010".

I agree with Mehrdad. You could rewrite it as "how long does one live in London?" ie, "what is the average length of stay in London?" which means the same. It is a good question but, as far as I know, one without an answer?

Howdy Mehrdad! For almost all instances, the better sentence would be "How long have you lived in London?" The only exception would be if if you were inquiring about a specific program or something of that nature. It would have to be a precise circumstance like wanting to inquire: "How many years is the degree program? How long do you live in London if you are accepted?"