How to translate "becario doctoral" from Spanish to English?
A "Becario Doctoral" is a person who has a research grant or a fellowship from a scientific institution to dedicate complete time to do a PhD.
By the way: What's the difference between a "fellowship" and a "research grant"
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Thank you all for answering my question. You've been really helpful ";)

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I believe its translated as Doctoral fellowship.  A fellowship is a research grant that you can get when you are in a phd or masters program. The research grant is money that goes toward paying funding your research.

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Well I haven't earned a doctorate so I'm not sure if there's a very technical term, but most people would understand the phrase 'funded full-time PhD student'.

Also, the difference in 'fellowship' and 'research grant' is very small, but it seems a fellowship usually entails an internship. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_scholarship_and_fellowship_award