To understand prepositions, always start off with their physical meanings. All their metaphorical meanings derive from their physical meanings.
If object=A is on a table=B, we say A is "on" B.
We can then move A "off" of B, so it is no longer on the table.
You cannot move A out of B because A is not inside of B.
You can only move out of something that you are inside of.
In your two examples, you start neither inside nor on top of anything. Therefore "off" and "out" are interchangeable in both sentences and it doesn't matter which one you use.
The images feel different, however. When you say "start out your day", the image is of being released from being inside of something. It feels like you are "going forth" as you exit your present circumstances. When you "start off your day", the image is of being pushed off or jumping off of something, like a racer who has just crossed the starting line.