1. 더라 After you experienced something by youself through hearing, watching and touching etc , you can say that feeling or thinking by refering to your experiences. ex) 1) It was so hot today. 오늘 정말 덥다. You can say to your mon or day about today's hot weather. 오늘 정말 덥더라 so '라' make the sentence from present to past. 오늘 정말 덥다 is present sentence 오늘 정말 덥더라 is past tense. 오늘 정말 덥더라고 is past tense as well. ~고 is postposition particle. I am not sure but it might emphasize the meaning of sentence. 2. 구요 이것은 사탕 입니다. 이것은 사탕 이고요. 이것은 사탕 이구요. 구요 might be spoken Korean. It is used by children or between couple. 구요 makes the sentecne a bit cute(?) or soft.