They can all be used very similarly in certain contexts, but they're definitely distinct words.
This is what I immediately think of when I see each word, in order:
environment:
1) the collection of influences that directly and indirectly affect you (this could be physical, mental, emotional, relationships, etc)
2) "nature"; parts of the planet not inhabited by humans
surroundings:
1) the physical things that are around you
2) the conditions and influences that are around you
ambiance:
1) background noise (e.g. sounds from nature, people chattering)
2) the vibes or general feeling that an environment gives off; a theme
atmosphere:
1) the certain mood or disposition that a place creates or implies
2) the layers of gas surrounding the planet
I hope this helps, if you have any more questions or want me to clarify something, just ask! :)