Does term "precedent name" exist in English?
Precedent name, precedent case, precedent phrase, precedent text. These are four terms, which mean "something that became widely used between representatives of the culture like an ideal model, example of something", are widely used in linguistics in Russian. But when I tried to translate them in English, i haven't found such terms in the dictionary. Have you ever heard about them? Perhaps, there are some analogues, which sound in another way.

Here are some examples:)

precedent name: Napoleon
"Listen, how huge plans does our Napoleon have!" (talking about person with huge ambitions)

precedent cases: for example, different terrorist acts
"How many the 11th of September should we have to understand the size of the problem?!"

precedent phrase: ""To be or not to be?"
"He was all in his thoughts, solving these endless questions like to be or not to be"

precedent text: "Romeo and Juliet"

Question

Does term "precedent name" exist in English?
Precedent name, precedent case, precedent phrase, precedent text. These are four terms, which mean "something that became widely used between representatives of the culture like an ideal model, example of something", are widely used in linguistics in Russian. But when I tried to translate them in English, i haven't found such terms in the dictionary. Have you ever heard about them? Perhaps, there are some analogues, which sound in another way.

Here are some examples:)

precedent name: Napoleon 
 "Listen, how huge plans does our Napoleon have!" (talking about person with huge ambitions)

precedent cases: for example, different terrorist acts
"How many the 11th of September should we have to understand the size of the problem?!"

precedent phrase: ""To be or not to be?"
"He was all in his thoughts, solving these endless questions like to be or not to be"

precedent text:  "Romeo and Juliet"

Answer

I am not familiar with the word "precedent" having a specific linguistic sense, at least not in English. Obviously, if the term or concept is widely used in Russian linguistics, that is fine. The word "paradigm" might be a better word for most of those categories. But it really doesn't matter: if you use a term (precedent) in a specific context (linguistics), then you can define the term anyway you want to.

Answer

Paradigm is the best word used to describe a cultural model. 
Precedent is a legal term used to establish an authoritative rule or pattern.

Here is a great reference:

http://www.grammar-monster.com/easily_confused/precedence_precedent.htm#0LwrXJ43PumKx31w.99

"The noun precedent means an example from the past that provides evidence for an argument. It is most commonly used in legal circles and, more specifically, can be described as a previously decided case that guides the decision of a future case."