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Samantha
When to use le, la, les,des, de?
I'm taking French in university and I always answer this correctly in the practice exercises. I speak Spanish so that helps me a bit but I'd rather understand why I should use which word instead of guessing correctly.
Oct 27, 2016 11:36 AM
Answers · 5
6
… let's unpack these class by class.
« Le », « la » « l' » and « les » are definite articles. Their use depends on the number and grammatical gender of the noun that follows them:
« le » comes before a masculine singular noun,
« la » before a feminine singular noun,
« l' » if the singular noun of either gender begins with a vowel, and
« les » before plurals.
Hence:
« le crayon » = the pencil (m)
« la gomme » = the eraser (f)
« l'avion » = the plane (m)
« l'oie » = the goose (f)
« les crayons » = the pencils
« les oies » = the geese
There are two types of « des », one a plural indefinite article and one a contraction of « de + les ». I'll go into each case separately below.
« Un », « une » and « des » are indefinite articles, « un » being singular, and « des » being plural. There's no need to think about combinations with vowels here: these forms all end in consonants (at least when pronounced). Hence:
« un crayon » = a pencil
« une oie » = a goose
« des crayons » = (some) pencils
« des oies » = (some) geese
The other « des » is a contraction of « de + les », or what's called an « article contracté ». This specific paradigm also contains « du », « de la » and « de l' ». The « de » used here is genitive (kind of like English “of”) and marks, among other things, possession, hence:
« le château du prince » = the prince's castle
« les jouets des enfants » = the children's toys (as in the toys belonging to a specific group of children)
On their own (without « des »), « du », « de la » and « de l' » form another class – the « articles partitifs ». These are used to describe taking an undefined portion of something (represented by an uncountable noun). For example:
« Tu veux du gâteau ? » = Would you like some cake?
« Je prends volontiers de la bière » = I'd gladly take some beer
Negating a sentence containing an article partitif, however, changes « du » / « de la » / « de l' » into a simple « de » :
« Non merci, pas de café pour moi » = No coffee for me, thank you
October 27, 2016
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Samantha
Language Skills
English, French, Spanish
Learning Language
French
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