"Do you get philosophical on me?"
Does this mean "Do I make you being philosophical"? Or does this mean "Do you decide to tell about what I didn't ask"?
Is it rude?
What does generally mean this construction "get ..... on (someone)?"

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the expression is usually a negative statement
"Don't get philosophical on me"
It means I want you to do something, but you start to talk about all the different ways that the action may not be ethical. I do not want you to think, just do it.

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get own me means : don't be like that towards me =(you).

It is normally used in the negative using "don't" "don't get  philosophical on me"  don't be philosophical with me.

"don't get on x  me" = don't be x with/to me

Answer

Было бы хорошо контекст посмотреть... Саму фразу можно переводить в зависимости от контекста.