The -지 in the construction 'verb stem + modifier 지 모르다' and the -지 in 'verb stem + 지 않다/못하다/말다' are not the same '지'. They just sound the same.
For 'verb stem + 지 않다/못하다', the '-지' doesn't have any particular meaning on it's own. It's use is purely grammatical in certain negative structures. Note that the '-지' does nominalize what comes before so it's actually possible to add particles like -이/가, -은/는, -을/를, 도 to the '-지'. For example, "가지도 못했어요" would mean "I couldn't even go" or "별로 좋지가 않아요" would mean "It's not particularly good."
This will no doubt be a bit of an oversimplification but the -지 in the construction 'verb stem + modifier 지 모르다' indicates possibility or knowledge. Note that you need a tense modifier before the '-지'. Whether you use -은/는 or -을/ㄹ affects the meaning and usage.
With -은/는/ㄴ, the '-지' refers to the knowledge of what comes before. Some examples:
어디에 갔는지 모랄요 -> I don't know where it went
뭘 먹었는지 몰라요 -> I don't know what he ate
얼마나 비싼지 몰라요 -> I don't know how expensive it is
몇 시에 갔는지 몰라요 -> I don't know what time he left/went
잘하는지 몰라요 -> I don't know whether he does it well.
With -을/ㄹ, it has a greater sense of possibility or uncertainty about something. You can add '도' on the end to emphasize that you think what precedes probably is/was/will be the case. Some examples:
갈지 몰라요 -> I may go (lit, I don't know whether I will go)
갈지도 몰라요 -> I may go (indicates greater likeliness that I will go)
갈지 안 갈지 몰라요 -> I'm not sure whether I'll go or not
밥을 이미 먹었을지도 몰라요 -> He may have already eaten
얼마나 비쌀지 몰라요 -> I don't know expensive it might be
비쌀지도 몰라요 -> It may be expensive (there is an implication here that the speaker suspects it is expensive).
Please don't confuse the above with the 'verb stem + ㄴ/은 -지' construction indicating 'time since...'
고향에 간 지 오래 됐어요 -> It's been a long time since I went to my hometown.
밥을 먹은 지 2 시간 됐어요 -> It's been two hours since I last ate.
Note that English has started to influence this expression so, sticking with the above examples, one could also say
고향에 안 간 지 오래 됐어요 -> I haven't gone to my hometown in a long time.
밥을 안 먹은 지 2 시간 됐어요 -> I haven't eaten in two hours.
The intended meaning is really the same though some would consider the latter two examples not to be proper Korean.