In American English, vacation is when you deliberately take a period of time away from work or studies. This is synonymous with Commonwealth usage of the word 'holiday'.
In American English, 'holiday' refers exclusively to days that religious or social groups deem significant enough to be worth observing, i.e. Christmas, Easter, Halloween.
A day off is simply any day when you typically would have to go to work or school, but for some reason don't. For example, tomorrow Americans observe MLK day, so I have off Friday and Monday, they are thus, my days off. :)
I hope this was helpful to you and anyone else reading. Peace!