a an [yī gè] 一个 a and an both of them mean one ,eg: an apple [yī gè píng guǒ] 一个苹果 a photo yī zhāng tú piàn ] 一张图片 the [zhè] 这 eg: the computer [zhè diàn nǎo ]这电脑 you can say like this:the computer is good [zhè diàn nǎo hěn hǎo] 这电脑很好

当名词的第一个字母是元音（vowel - A、E、I、O、U）时，数量词“一”是an. an apple 一个苹果 yígè píngguǒ an example 一个例子 yígè lìzi an interesting thing 一件有趣的事 yíjiàn yǒuqùde shì an orange 一个橙子 yìgè chéngzi an uncle 一个叔叔 yígè shūshu 名词的首字母是辅音时，数量词“一”都用 “a”. a pen 一支钢笔 yìzhī gāngbǐ a book 一本书 yìběn shū 不是特指的事物用a/an, 特指的事物或专有名词用the when you say “I want an apple”, means you want to eat an apple no matter which one. when you say “I want the apple”，it means there is a special apple which you only want

yes,because in english there isn't existing quantifier,but in chinese you have to put quantifier before you want to express an apple ,a photo or something like that.

a man:一个男人 yi ge nan ren. an apple:一只苹果 yi zhi pingguo. the life: what is your means?

no need to use articles in Chinese the list you have is the list of Chinese measure words