Hoon.
공백화(Gapping) 공백화(gapping): 문장성분이 반복되기 보다는 생략된 구조이다. 없어진 문법적 단위는 '공백(gap)'이라 불린다(A construction in which part of a sentence is omitted rather than repeated. The missing grammatical unit is called a gap.) 영어글에 나타나는 공백화 "분명 어떤 구조는 압도적으로 글로 쓰인 언어에 많이 발견된다. 한 예는 John ate an apple and Mary a peach와 같이 내포된 ate이 둘째 절에 생략되면서 Mary ate a peach로 해석되는 영어의 '공백화(Gapping)' 구조이다. 엘리아 카잔의 영화 The Last Tycoon에서 카리스마 있는 영화감독은 프랑스 여배우가 'Nor I you'라는 대사를 받은 장면을 부자연스러운 화법이라는 구실로 거부한다. 하지만 그의 동료는 더 빠른 직감으로 '그 외국 여배우는 클래스가 정말 남다르다'고 의견을 내보였다. 이건 사실처럼 들린다. 공백화 구조는 클래시하고, 회화체 영어에서 완전히 결여된 건 아니지만 꽤 높은 문체에 제한된다. (Certainly, some constructions are overwhelmingly found in written language. An example is the English 'Gapping' construction, as in John ate an apple and Mary a peach, where an implicit ate is omitted from the second clause, understood as Mary ate a peach. (. . .) In the Elia Kazan movie The Last Tycoon, a powerful film director rejects a scene in which a French actress is given the line 'Nor I you,' on the grounds that this is unnatural speech. But his colleague, with earthier instincts, comments on this line with 'Those foreign women really have class.' This rings true. The gapping construction is classy, and restricted to quite elevated registers, though it is not lacking entirely from spoken English.)" (James R. Hurford, The Origins of Grammar: Language in the Light of Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2012)
16 มิ.ย. 2014 เวลา 5:14
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a. John either denounced Reagan and Mondale or ridiculed Bush.
존은 리건과 먼데일을 맹비난하거나 부시를 조롱했다.
b. John has been either drinking too much liquor or not eating enough food.
존은 술을 많이 마시고 있거나 음식을 충분히 먹지 않고 있다.
c. John either forgot our appointment or remembered it but couldn't come.존은 우리와의 약속을 잊었거나 기억하고 있는데 오지 못했을 거다.
d. Aren't the candidates expected to run dirty campaigns and all be elected? 후보자가 더러운 캠패인을 하고 당선되지 않겠어?
e. John isn't believed to have either left the country or been arrested by the police. 존이 그 나라를 떠났거나 경찰에게 체포된 것으로 사람들은 믿지 않는다.
f. I prevented John from folding, spindling, or mutilating the card. 나는 존이 카드를 접고 돌리고 훼손하려는 것을 막았다.
g. There was a defendent convicted of murder but not sent to prison. 살인 유죄 판결을 받은 피고가 있으나 감옥에 보내지지 않았다.
h. John has written a biography of, and Mary a novel about, Copernicus. 코페르니쿠스에 대하여 존은 전기를, 메리는 소설을 썼다.
i. The directors and the stockholders have respectively all voted to declare bankruptcy and all demanded that the chairman resign. 감독과 투자자들은 차례대로 투표로 파산을 발표하고 의장의 사임을 요구했다^^^^^
j. The FBI can't trace the money that was given to the Mafia by friends of, and sent to the KGB by relatives of, the governor. FBI는 주지사의 친구가 마피아에게 건내고 주지사의 친척이 KGB로 보낸 돈을 추적할 수가 없다.
k. There were either a lot of supporters of or a lot of collaborators with Duvalier being sent to prison. 감옥으로 보내진 Duvalier의 많은 협업자 또는 지지자들이 거기 있었다.
I. The boys were all given guns and the girls dolls."
남자애들은 모두 총을, 여자애들은 인형을 받았다.

(. . .)
a.What did John buy and Mary borrow? 존은 무었을 사고 매리는 무엇을 빌렸나?
( . . .)

공백화는 영향을 주는 접속어에 있는 조동사를 삭제시킬 것이다.(Gapping will delete any auxiliary verbs in the conjuncts that it affects,) e.g.,
John has been selling diamonds to the British Museum, and Lucy (*has been) Egyptian sarcophagi.
존은 영국박물관에 다이아몬드를, 루시는 이집트관을 팔아왔다.
<Pseudogapping and Ellipsis, Kirsten Gengel>

( . . .)
공백화 버전이 다음 문장 안에 있는 도치된 조동사와 일치하는지 파악하라( Determine whether that version of Gapping is consistent with the retention of inverted auxiliary verb in such sentences as)

 

Will John watch the Red sox game and Lucy the quiz show?(존이 레드삭스를, 그리고 루시가 퀴즈쇼를 볼까?) 

<The Syntactic Phenomena of English, James D. McCawley>

 

 

NP Ellipses
Although John's friends were late to the rally, Mary's [e] came on time. (Kester 1996: 194)

VP Ellipsis.
Mary met Bill at Berkeley and Sue did too.
Clair read a book, and Heather a magazine.
http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/gappingterm.htm

 

 

"Many sites containing Rhodian, Ionian, Corinthian and Attic pottery in successive strata have been found in the vicinity, and from it went Attic vases for trade with the Celts and Iberians. Finds of Greek pots and figurines have been made on the eastern coasts of Spain, pointing plainly to Greek influence in those parts, in the earlier periods at least through those hardy mariners and coloniers the Phocaeans, and later no doubt to traders who brought such ware to exchange for Spanish silver."
연속적인 지층으로 로도스식, 이오니아식, 코린트식 그리고 아티카식 도예품을 포함하는 많은 유적들이 그 부근에 발견되었는데 그곳으로부터 아티카식 병이 켈트족과 이베리아인에게 거래되 나갔을 것이다. 그리스식 도자기와 장식용 조각품들의 발견은 더 이전 시기에 최소한 강인한 뱃사람과 농노들과 포카이아인을 통하여 스페인 동부 해안에서 이루어지면서 그 지역의 그리스의 영향을 나타냈고 나중에는 의심할 여지 없이 스페인 은화와 교환하기 위해 그런 도예류를 가지고 온 상인들을 나타냈다.

<The Economics of Ancient Greece>

 

"I didn't know she'd be the one to rip up tea towels to bind my wrists, and call 999, and explain to the doctors and policemen—and later, no doubt, to a therapist—that her mother had tried to kill herself when she was ten years old, and she'd been the one to find her.
난 그녀가 접시 닦이용 행주를 갈기갈기 찢어서 내 손목을 묶고 999에 전화해서 의사와 경찰관 (그리고 나중에는 의심할 여지 없이 치료사에게) 그녀의 엄마가 그녀가 열 살 때 자살하려고 했고 그녀가 그걸 보았던 사람이라고 설명할 사람이라는 걸 몰랐다.
<One Good Affair, Tess Stimson>

16 มิถุนายน 2014
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Hoon.
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