One word which stands out as different from the others is 'litter'. 'Litter' is paper, bottles, cigarette packets, orange peel and so on which people discard as they go about their daily lives in public places - often dropped on the ground. Another is 'junk'. If something is 'junk' it means that it's poor quality or worthless. Junk food has little nutritional value, junk mail is promotional leaflets that nobody wants, a phone that falls apart after a few weeks of use is junk.

Garbage, rubbish, debris, waste, junk, trash, litter, and refuse are synonyms. You can use garbage, rubbish, and waste in different ways, but not really the other ones. Like "That's garbage." used to say something is a lie, which is the same as "That's rubbish." You can say "What a waste." and that means that it didn't reach it's potential. That probably wasn't your question though...

Reading through this previous post might help: http://www.italki.com/question/273833