Possibly - It's possible that something will happen (0% < probability <=100%)
Probably/Likely - It's probable that something will happen (50% < Probability <= 100%)
Perhaps/Maybe - These are related to certainty more than probability. They just mean that it is uncertain if something will happen or not. 'Maybe' is more colloquial.
If someone asks you a yes-no question, responding with "I guess" means "Maybe, but I don't really care either way." "I guess so" means "I think so, but I'm not certain". Note that these can only be responses to questions, and are NOT adverbs like the others. You should also remember that they're very colloquial.