Yes, it means the same. The reason is that 'Ill', as an adverb, means 'Hardly'. So, if you put the meaning in your sentence, it'll be as, "I can hardly afford (= can't afford) to lose my job." I hope it helps! ;) Never Give Up!

That's exactly what it means. Nice!

I can't speak for everyone, but living in the UK, I've never heard or seen this structure. Most people here would simply say "I can't (or cannot) afford to lose my job".