I will split the answer in two because of the 1000 character limit
1.From my experience so far I use wa after the subject and ga after the object most of the time, also use wa to set a topic we are going to discuss
For example
I like dogs very much = Watashi WA(subject/I) inu GA(object/dogs) daisuki desu (verb polite long form/like very much)
But I'm sure there are a lot other situations when you use wa and ga
2.Kore, sore, are would translate as this, that and that over there, the difference is the distance the object you are talking about is from you and your companions
Kore wa mikan desu = This is a tangerine (The tangerine is within your reach)
Sore mo anata no desu ka = Is that yours too? (The thing is not within your reach but is near a person you're talking to)
Are wa nan desu ka = What is that (over there). (The thing is far from you and your companions)
3.Kono, sono, ano are similar but you need to use a substantive right after them
Kono shatsu (this shirt) wo kudasai = Give me this shirt, please
Sono hon (that book) wa ikura desu ka = How much does that book cost?
Ano kuruma wa chotto takai desu = That car (over there) is a little expensive
4.Koko, soko, asoko, doko would be here, there, over there and where (places)
Koko wa doko desu ka? Where is here? (This place)
Q. Sumimasen, uketsuke wa doko desu ka (Excuse me, where is the reception?)
A. Soko / asoko desu (There/ over there. Maybe they are pointing at the reception)