1． 着：In terms of Chinese grammar, it is an aspectual particle.(In Chinese,there are three aspectual particles:着，了，过)，because Chinese verbs do not have inflection in form,the particles着，了，过 is often followed by a verb to indicate various additional meanings. When added to a verb,着 indicates that an action or a onduct is in progress or in a certain state at a certain time,or a certain state continues.For example: 他正弹着钢琴。(He is playing piano) the action is in progress. 我看着她。（I am looking at her.）ditto 我听着新闻。（Iam listening to the news）ditto 灯亮着。（The light is on.）the state continues 我听着音乐做家务。（I performed my chores with listening to the music.） to be in a certain state 2． 看and看见(到)： 到or见 following a verb predicate(just like 听or看) indicates the result of an action. So your example: ①.我可以看我儿子.(the verb看 indicates only the action) ②.我可以看见我儿子.(the 看见 shows both the action 看 and its result 见，) ex.② means it is sure you can meet your son.whereas ex.① means you can go to see your son but the result is not sure,maybe you can’t meet him. So,the difference in meaning between看and看见(到) lies in the fact that the fomer states only the proceeding of an action while the latter shows the result as well as the proceeding of the action. 3. the difference between看到 and看见： Commonly, the meaning of 看到 is same as 看见. But the见 in 看见 can be used alone.and the meaning is not changed. The 到 in 看到 can not be used alone. For instance ①我看见过她。= 我见过她。√（I have seen her.） ②我看到过她。√ 我到过她。× hope these are helpful for you.

I'm not sure how to answer all of the questions you asked, since I am still studying Chinese. But I will help you with what I know. The verb,看, alone means "To see" "to think" or "to read"depending how you use it. 我们看电影吧 - Lets see a movie. 我没去看医生- I didnt go see a doctor. 看书- read a book, 我在看杂志—— I'm reading a magazine. (in this sentence it means "to read")( 你看明天会不会下雪？ - Do you think it will snow tomorrow (here, it means"to think") 你看怎么样？ -What do you think? I don't think there is a difference between 看见 and 看到。 They both indicate that something has been seen. example: 你有没有看到/看见我的妹妹 -Have you seen my younger sister? 有， 我看到/看见她了。 她在饭厅。- Yes, I saw her. She's in the dining room. For the sentence "Its Saturday, I can see my son!" I agree with everyone else that said to use 了 , because using 了 at the end of the sentence, usually shows a change in a situation. (You couldn't see him before, but NOW you can.) 听 means "to listen", example: 我喜欢听音乐 - i like to listen to music. 我在听音乐。- I am listening to music. So I'm pretty sure, 听见，like 看见，can be used when talking about something in the past that involves listening. I hope I have helped you!

i agree with carven 70%. You know ,my englishi is not that good ,so i will give an example to explain the differences between 看，看到/看见，看着。the following sentence may be helpful.in this sentence.看，看到/看见，看着cannot be placed the other position,that's to say,you cant replace one of them with the others. 我打开网页一看，看到/看见有人提问，看着这个问题，我不禁陷入了沉思。 我打开房门一听，听到/听见有人唱歌，听着这首歌曲，我不禁泪如雨下。 我打开网页看了看，看到/看见有人提问，看着这个问题，我不禁陷入了沉思。 我打开房门听了听，听到/听见有人唱歌，听着这首歌曲，我不禁泪如雨下。 在这些句子里，依次使用了看、看见/看到、看着，这三个词语绝对不能交换位置。 i think，most of the time,看 means want to see and begin to see. 看见=看到，means something have completed(saw) 看着means while somebody doing something (seeing),or "somebody had been doing someting"(过去完成进行时) i've said this before,i agree caven 70%

有时看见和看到有些少的区别，例如：他们经过了3个多小时的攀爬，终于到达了顶峰，看到了梦寐以求的日落美景。这里用看见代替就不太合适。看到 with some means that you try or want.

I think "看见" is the same as "看到" which focuses more on the result(ie whether I have seen it or not). For example, A: Do you see him? He is just over there. B: Oh yes. A:你看到他了吗？他就在那儿。 B:Oh,看到了。 "看着" means the action is in process. When I "看着" something, I keep my eyes on it, kind of like "gaze" or "stare". "看" is complicated. You'd better memorize some useful phrases. "看电影" means "see the movie". "看电视" means "watch TV". "看医生" means "see the doctor". "看书" means "read books". "看某人" means "visit or see somebody". For example, (1) A: What are you doing? B: I'm watching TV. A:你在做什么？B:我在看电视。(2)A: Have you seen that movie? B:No. I havent had time. 你去看那个电影了吗？ B:没有，我没时间。 As for "I can see my son.", I think you should say "我可以看我儿子了" because you can visit him today since you're free on Saturday. That places emphasis on the actioin "看". You can also say "我可以看到我儿子了" which places emphasis on the result of action "看".