What's ''industry-wide defence''? I'm reading the article about British TV industry. There is a sentence I don't understand. ''Comedy writer Armando Lannucci has called for an industry-wide defence of theBBC and British programme-makers. What does ''defence'' mean in this sentence? Thank you :)

How to use ''further'' I don't know the meaning of ''further'' very much. Here is the example. '' The bar graph categorizes the ownership information further by five levels of education from in 2002 and 2010.'' What's the meaning of ''further'' in this sentence? It means ''in detail''? Also I would appreciate if you give me some examples using further. Thank you :)

Could you tell me which one is correct? I don't know how to use a relative pronoun very much. Here is examples. 1) There are five steps by which cement is produced. 2) There are five steps which cement is produced. 3) There are five steps cement is produced by. Which one is correct? Which one is the best for using for the essay, if there are multiple choices? Thank you for your help :)

Is my interpretation of this sentence correct ? I'm working on the article about Beethoven Biography. I don't understand this sentence below clearly. Beethoven's classmate in a Latin grade school said ''Not a sign was to be discovered of the spark of genius which glowed so brilliantly in him afterwards'' This is my interpretation. ''There was no sign to discover that he had a brilliant spark of genius in his future.'' Is that correct? Thank you :)

What's the difference between replace sth with and replace sth by I think both meanings are same on the title, but I don't know when I use "with" or "by". Here are two examples. -Beef was the most popular product which was replaced by chicken in around 1990. -The factory replaced most of its workers with robots. These examples are ok with either ''with'' or ''by''? Or if it is not, please teach me how to distinguish these two. Thank you :)

Which preposition comes after fluctuate? I'm writing an essay explaining a line graph. I have a question about the preposition comes after fluctuate. I think it's ''in'' or ''on'' in this case of my sentence. Here is the sentence which I'd like to explain. ''the proportion of audience fluctuated in a gradual downward trend to 5% at the end of the day. '' or ''the proportion of audience fluctuated on a gradual downward trend to 5% at the end of the day. '' I'd would be happy if you help me with my question. Thanks :)

What does ''out of space'' mean? I was reading the story behind the song that I often listen these days, the song is "Marry me" by Thomas Rhett. In the story, I have a part I don't understand. ''The song was written out of this space..." Here is a paragraph that included in the sentence I don't understand. "We wrote that song from a place that could have been my life. Everybody has those moments in life where they can either go left or go right, and if you go left, you'll never know what could have been in the other direction. That's where I was at a certain point with my now-wife, Lauren. The song was written out of this space where I knew that if I had never told Lauren how I felt about her, I probably have been invited to her wedding and would have watched her marry somebody else. I probably wouldn't have been quite as sad as the guy in the music video for the song, but it would definitely still have wrecked me." It might not be enough information, but I would appreciate if you help me. Thanks :)

What's the meaning of ''look far to find it" ? I'm struggling with the article how the subway in London was built up. I don't understand the meaning ''look far to find it'' as I posted it on the title. Here is the sentence. This cut- and-cover method caused massive disruptions in the city and required the destruction of the structures above the tunnel. A better means of expanding the original Underground was needed, and builders did not have to look far to find it. Hope you can help me! Thanks :)

What's meaning of this sentence? I'm reading an article about drawbacks of early train travel. I don't understand the sentence in it. "Travel at night was tricky, because trains lacked effective methods of illumination. Ride on early train were often rough, because of the way the trains were laid" What do ''rough" and "laid" mean? Thank you :)Hi Tom, Oops it's my bad. It's '' the train tracks were laid." But I totally understood the meaning because of your example. Thank you so much!