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The problem of youth reading in our time is relevant as ever. And the question here isn’t so much in the number of young people who read anything at all, but in the fact that still reads the percentage of young people who are interested in it. Despite the fact that in Russia the percentage of literate population is 98 % (for example, in the West African Republic of Niger it is only 14 %), "literate population" of the country is absolutely not able to dispose of the fact that they are "homo legens" (people reading). What should be used for higher purposes is used in purely pragmatic activities. For example, to study the advertising of plastic Windows from the mailbox, eagerly absorb another piece of information about the "star" scandals on the Internet, well, in the end, read the new message came from friends. And only a small number of young people read books not according to the school program or the teacher's instruction, but because they feel the need for it.
In connection with the increase in the development of various technologies, modern youth often refers to Internet sources, where you can freely find information, rather than to books. A small percentage of readers can answer the question of socio-cultural development of the individual, as well as the development of the individual as a whole. If we compare with the Soviet period, we can make the following analogy: developed reading at that time, as well as strict censorship of literature enriched the concept of man more about such facets of human nature as: morality, humanity, honor, dignity. Also, this censorship has been feeding the interest of readers to the forbidden books. People wanted to know the most interesting and closed to their access. At the same time, readers are rarely surprised. The information is publicly available seven days a week. In order to find anything half of the world's population doesn’t even need to leave the house. The amount of resources available gives a person a certain freedom of choice. And their variety is the problem of this very choice. Before the man is the task of thorough filtering and analysis of a huge amount of information. Another problem is the change of genre actualization of reading. What at the time was interested in the young pioneers, just not perceived by today's youth.
Today's young people, unfortunately, read less and less, and from the reader's preferences can be identified, alas, not Tolstoy, Shakespeare, Moem, and fashion foreign authors.
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Сases
All nominal parts of speech (i.e. nouns, adjectives and numerals) and pronouns change their cases. Nouns always appear in dictionaries in the nominative. There are six cases in Russian:
Именительный падеж - Nominative case;
Родительный падеж - Genitive case;
Дательный падеж - Dative case;
Винительный падеж - Accusative case;
Творительный падеж - Instrumental case;
Предложный падеж - Prepositional case;
A small group of words (known as indeclinable) never change their form in any case - these tend to be words imported from other languages.
They are кафе ( a cafe) - такси (a taxi) - радио ( a radio) - кино (a movie) - пальто ( a coat).
Prepositional Case Denoting Place.
To denote place not only adverbs can be used (e.g. здесь - here, там - there), but also nouns in the prepositional case with the preposition в or на.
Most Russian verbs require a certain case, and the prepositional is used to indicate place after the following verbs:
г д е ? (Where?)
работать – to work; учиться – to study; жить – to live; сидеть – to sit ; cтоять – to stand; лежать – to lie; отдыхать – to rest.
Prepositional Case for the Object Thought of or Spoken about.
To denote the object thought of or spoken about, the prepositional is preceded by the preposition о. This preposition takes the form об when it precedes a noun beginning with a vowel. In such cases the noun answers the question о ком? о чём?
Remember! The forms of the prepositional of personal pronouns:
Nominative case - я( I)- ты (you)- он (he)-она (she)- мы(we) - вы (you)-они (they)
Prepositional case - обо мне (about me)-о тебе (about you) - о нём (about him) - о ней(about her)- о нас(about us) - о вас (about you) - о них (about them).
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Features of the Russian language
Russian. Origins and features.
Russian belongs to the group of East Slavic languages. And it is part of the Indo-European language family. Being the national language of the Russian Federation, it doesn’t unite only people within a given territory, but also many peoples and nations beyond.
Russian is one of the 6th official and working languages to the UN, as well as international communication language for such countries Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia and so on. Representatives of the Russian-speaking diaspora are widely represented in Eastern Europe, Germany, Central Asia, the USA, Canada, etc.
Formation
Formation of Russian stemmed on the basis of the long interaction of various East Slavic dialects, which are located on the Great Rus, and also Church Slavonic, the origin of which is associated with the adaptation of the first Christian books.
Division into dialects in Russian occurred in the XV century in the European part of Russia – the language was divided into southern (Akan’e) and Northern (okan’e) dialect. Also, a number of middle Russian dialects were formed, the characteristic of them was Moscow, which is now a classic Russian.
Language of borrowing
Russian language absorbed a considerable number of borrowings. The words of Greek, Turkic, Polish, Latin, German, Romanesque, etc.origin are an integral part of the everyday life of the Russian-speaking population.
Today main stream borrowing goes from the English, it begun in the XIX century and intensified in the first half of XX. This prosses is most active, so, for example, English borrowings replace the previous borrowed words from the French and German languages (English "боулинг" replaced the German "кегельбан", and "лобстер" -French "омар").
However, despite the large number of borrowings, the Russian language is also developing independently and brings its contribution to the replenishment of internationalism. The most famous of them are balalaika, dacha, vodka, perestroika, grandmother, taiga, Tsar, Sputnik, etc. A significant role in the formation and transformation of the Russian language at the time played such literary figures as G. R. Derzhavin, A. N. Radishchev, A. P. Sumarokov, D. I. Fonvizin, N. M. Karamzin, A. S. Pushkin, M. Y. Lermontov and N. In. Gogol.
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Verbs
Russian verbs have many forms. The primary invariable verb form that usually appears in dictionaries is called the infinitive; in English the infinitve form of verbs always appears with preposition "to" such as "to read" or "to go". The Russian infinitive ends either in -ть (читать - to read) or -ти (идти - to go). The infinitive of a small group of verbs take the ending –чь (беречь - to take care of). In accordance with their present tense forms, Russian verbs fall into two main groups or two conjugations.
The infinitive of most 1-st conjugation verbs ends in –ать, -ять, -еть such as the verbs читать (to read), гулять (to walk), болеть ( to be ill with); уметь ( to can). The infinitive of most 2-nd conjugation verbs ends in –ить such as the verbs говорить (to speak), верить (to believe). Infinitives ending in –еть, -ать may be either 1-st or 2-nd conjugation such as the verbs смотреть (to look), слышать ( to hear), видеть ( to see), дышать ( to breathe).
Infinitive endings in -ся/-сь are called reflexive verbs and may be either 1-st or 2-nd conjugation such as the verbs учить-ся, занимать-ся (учить-ся - to study).
Russian verbs have three tense: the present, the past and the future.
The present tense is used to denote:
1. an action taking place at the moment of speaking: Сейчас мы занимаемся. - We are studying.
2. an action taking place habitually: Она изучает русский язык. - She studies Russian.
3. an action which began in the past and is continuing at the moment of speaking: Она изучает русский язык два года.-She has been studying Russian for two years.
A verb in the present tense answers the questions: Что я делаю? - What I am doing?; Что ты делаешь?- What do you do?/What are you doing?; Что он/она делает? - What does he/she do?/What is he/she doing?
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Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons (мой, твой, наш and ваш) and the interrogative pronoun чей change for gender in the singular and have one form common to all genders in the plural (чьи? — мои, твои, наши, ваши).
—Чей это карандаш? — Это мой карандаш. — Это твой карандаш. — Это наш карандаш. — Это ваш карандаш. ( –Whose pencil is it? –It is my pencil. –It is your pencil. –It is our pencil. –It is your pencil);
— Чья это книга? — Это моя книга. — Это твоя книга. — Это наша книга. — Это ваша книга. (–Whose book is it? –It is my book. –It is your book. –It is our book. –It is your book)
As is seen from the preceding examples, these possessive pronouns invariably agree in gender with the noun they qualify.
The Form of the Possessive Pronouns in the Nominative.
Possessive pronouns of the 3rd person (его, её and их) don't change for number and gender, the choice of the appropriate pronoun depending on the possessor of the object being qualified. If the possessor is a man pronoun его is used, if the possessor is a woman её is used, if the object being qualified belongs to a number of possessors их is used.
For instance, the word книга can be qualified either by the pronoun его, or её, or их depending on who it belongs to, the gender and number of the object qualified not influencing the form of the pronoun (его книга, его журнал).
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The Personal Pronouns
Person Singular Plural
1 я - I мы- we
2 ты- you вы - you
3 он - he; оно- they
она - she;
оно- it
The pronoun ты is used in addressing children, members of the speaker's own family or his close friends. The pronoun вы (Вы) can used with respect to one person or several persons.
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The Singular and the Plural of Nouns
Masculine and feminine nouns with a stem that ends in a hard consonant ( the stem is comprised of all parts of a word except the grammatical ending ) take the ending -ы in the plural: стол - стол-ы, газета - газет-ы.
Whereas nouns with a stem that ends in a soft consonant take the ending -и: словарь - словар-и, тетрадь - тетрад-и, музей – музе-и.
Neuter nouns take the ending -а in the plural for words with a stem that ends in a hard consonant: письмо- письм-а, or the ending -я for words with a stem that ends in a soft consonant: море - мор-я. Nouns whose stem ends in г, к, х, ж, ш, ч, щ take the ending -и in the plural: книг-и, сумк-и, нож-и, плеч-и, плащ-и.
Russian has some special forms of the plural:
1 брат - брат-ь-я, стул - стул-ь-я, друг - дру-з-ь-я, друг - дру-з-ь-я;
2 мать - мат-ер-и, дочь - доч-ер-и;
3 человек - люди; ребёнок – дети;
4 Masc.: дом - дом-а; паспорт – паспорт-а; место – мест- а; край - кра-я.
A number of nouns have only the plural form, e.g.: родители, шахматы, брюки, деньги, часы, очки, ножницы.
A number of nouns have only the singular form, e.g.: соль, чай, кофе, молоко, сыр, картофель, морковь, бельё, мебель, молодёжь.
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Nouns
Russian nouns denoting people or animals (so-called animate nouns) answer the question Кто это? All the other nouns(so-called inanimate nouns) answer the question Что это? The questions Кто это? and Что это? are asked about nouns either in the singular or the plural.
The Noun Gender .
Russian nouns are grouped according to gender:
1. Masculine 2. Feminine 3. Neuter
Masculine words end in a consonant. Feminine words end in -a,-я. Neuter words end in -o,-e.
There are nouns of both masculine and feminine gender ending in a soft sign /ь/.
Masculine (he) - ден-ь, словар-ь, апрел-ь, учител-ь
Feminine (she) - жизн-ь, мат-ь, доч-ь
There are masculine nouns ending in -a, -я. - папа, дедушка, дядя, юноша, Саша, Паша, Дима.
There are neuter nouns ending in -мя. - There are neuter nouns ending in -мя.
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Books
Recently I started to read the book Edith Pattou «Fire Arrow». I was asked what is the book about? And when I answered, that this was a fairy tale. Everybody was asked, why has I become to read fairy tale? I answered with smile, that yes, unfortunately, I am not a child or even a teenager. But, first, I love fairy tales, good fairy tales, fairy tales with meaning. I like books in general, especially those that make us think about our mistakes, our strengths and weaknesses. In my opinion, such books make us grow, expand our horizons, teach what is good or bad. And, second, good stories are good, that suited to any age. For a child, it's just a story with magic, heroes and villains. And for adults it is a story that makes us remember the ideals of childhood and think about how do we live?
For me, this story is about finding yourself. Perhaps, somebody will disagree with me, but still a good book is good that everyone finds in it something for he or she. I found search, throwing of soul, revenge, friendship and a little love. And I understood a simple truth that you need never give up, it is possible despite the difficulties. And someone will find in it something another. And maybe after reading this book in a few years, I'll find something else. As I have already found in " Paradox of the younger Patriarch " E. Ratkevich. It doesn't matter how much I read it, I always discover something new, what I did not understand and unknown previously.
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Language
Recently, my friend complained me that Russian is a very difficult language. I asked him why did he decid so?
He replied that some sounds are very difficult to pronounce correctly. Russian is a language with a strange alphabet, hard pronunciation and reputation of one of the most difficult languages to learn. I objected that the English language also has sounds difficult to pronounce. Then he said that in Russian there are cases, declensions. But for example, there are 14 cases in Estonian... And there is no future time... For them," I go "or" I will go " is said the same way. Russian language is not the most difficult in cases, conjugations. Even if we don’t take the rare languages to the 26th case, in the same French has the gender, and conjugation. We don’t mention the fact that French high schools still teach Latin, and it also has declensions and cases. And English grammar has difficulties, too. For example, there are a lot of a number of grammatical times. Try to figure out it, what and when it uses, and grammar still has most of my favorite articles.
It is also worth noting the use of such particles as "Ли". Of course, a foreigner can safely do without it. But in the speech of Russian, it is always there. And, having heard «Надо ли? », «Вряд ли!" etc., he will be bewilderment. You need know the essence of these phrases, as this particle is included in some stable combinations.
In fact, "Ли" is like English «whether», thanks to which it is possible to enter an indirect question into the sentence. Here, for example, such a sentence: "He asked the librarian whether he could take another book". From English it translates as: " Он спросил библиотекаря, можно ли взять другую книгу." It is enough for a foreigner to draw an analogy, and he will not be surprised by a piece of "Ли".
In my opinion, each language has its difficulties, but there is nothing impossible. Although, if you want to know the language well you need improve regularly. It is normally it is what we do with native language. We read, talk, listen to news, learn new words.
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