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โพสต์
chinesische Redensarten 4 唇亡齿寒chún wáng chǐ hán 假道伐虢jiǎ dào fá guó
Am Anfang der Zeit der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen in China gab es zwei kleine Staaten,Yu und Guo. Daneben lag ein großer Staat,Jin.
Herzog Xian von Jin entschied sich seine Armee nach Süden zu senden,um Guo zu annektieren,damit seinen Herrschaftsbereich zu erweitern.Jedoch lag Yu nördlich Guo.Das heißt,dass die Armee von Jin durch Yu marschieren musste,um Guo zu erreichen.
Herzog Xian von Jin hatte Angst,dass sich die zwei kleinen Staaten vereinigen würden,um ihm zu widerstreben. Deshalb schickte er im Jahr 658 v.Chr. einen seiner Minister nach Yu zu fahren,um mit zahllosen Geschenken, Z.B.schönen Frauen,erstklassigem Gewebe und Rennpferden,den Herzog von Yu zu beschenken,damit den Herzog zu bitten,dass die Armee von Jin durch Yu gehen,um Guo anzugreifen.
Der Herzog von Yu war ein sehr habgieriger Mann.Er lässt sich von einem seiner eigenen Minister nichts sagen.Dieser Minister sagte,dass Yu und Guo Nachbarstaaten waren,die voneinander abhängig waren.Genau wie die Zähne,die der Kälte ausgesetzt würden,wenn die Lippen verloren wären, würde Yu in ernsten Gefahr,wenn Guo annektiert würde.Doch ging der Herzog seinen eigenen Weg.(Hier will ich"go his own way" sagen..)
Wie von diesem Minister vorhergesagt,hörte die Armee von Jin nicht auf,nachdem sie Guo annektiert hatte.Sie drehte um und verschlang den ganz unvorbereitete Yu.
唇亡齿寒:fehlen die Lippen,friert es die Zähne;auf Gedeih und Verderb aufeinander angewiesen
假道伐虢:einen Staat(Guo)anzugreifen, durch einen gemeinsame Nachbar durchzugehen;jemanden dazu bringen,seine eigene Verbündete angreifen zu helfen,und danach ihn vernichten,wenn er jetzt hilflos ist
Hinweis:Die Staaten während der Zeit der Frühlings-und Herbstannalen und der Streitenden Reiche in der chinesischen Geschichte waren strenggenommen Besitzes verschiedener Adeligen.Der Oberhaupt des ganzen Chinas heißte den König von Zhou/den Sohn des Himmels.Allmählich wurden die Adeligen mit großen Besitzes stärker,durch andere Adeligen mit kleineren Besitzes zu annektieren.Sie hörten schließlich auf,ihrem nominellen Führer zu Diensten zu stehen und sogar proklamierten sich selbst Königen zu werden.
Der Name des Herzogs Xian von Jin war nicht Xian.Es gab eine Tradition:nachdem eine wichtige Figur sterbt, werde die Regierung einen postume Name auswählen,um das Leben der Figur zusammenzufassen.Die Nachwelt nennt diese Figur normallerweise beim postumen Name,anstelle vom wirklichen Name.
7 มกราคม 2015
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(Chinese idiom stories 4) 唇亡齿寒 chún wáng chǐ hán & 假道伐虢 jiǎ dào fá guó
At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn period in China, there were two small states called Yu and Guo, and beside them there was a big state called Jin.
In order to extend his territory, Duke Xian of Jin decided to send his army southwards to annex Guo. However to the north of Guo lay Yu. This means that to reach Guo, the army of Jin had to travel past Yu.
Duke Xian of Jin feared that the two small states would form an ally to resist him, therefore in 658 BC, he sent one of his ministers to bring countless presents such as beautiful women, first class fabric and fine horses to the Duke of Yu, in order to ask the Duke of Yu to allow the Jin army to pass through Yu to attack Guo.
The Duke of Yu was a very greedy man. He wouldn’t listen to the expostulation of one of his own ministers, who said that Yu and Guo were interdependent neighboring states, and just like the teeth would be exposed to the cold when the lips were gone, Yu would be in grave danger if Guo was annexed. Yet the duke went his own way.
As predicted by this minister of Yu, Jin didn’t stop after having annexing Guo. The Jin army turned around and gulped down the completely unprepared Yu.
唇亡齿寒 chún wáng chǐ hán: when the lips are gone the teeth will be exposed to the cold; if one of two interdependent things falls, the other will be in danger
假道伐虢 jiǎ dào fá guó: to attack a nation (Guo) by passing through a common neighbor; to trick one to assist attacking one’s own ally and then annihilate one, who’s now left helpless
Note: The states in the Spring and Autumn (770-476 BC) and Warring States (475-221 BC) periods in Chinese history were strictly speaking fiefdoms of different aristocrats. The highest leader of the whole China, which was much smaller than now, was called the king of Zhou / the Son of Heaven. Gradually the aristocrats with large fiefdoms gained more and more power by annexing other aristocrats with smaller fiefdoms. They eventually stopped taking orders from their nominal leader, King of Zhou, and even proclaimed themselves kings.
Note: Duke Xian of Jin’s really name wasn't Xian. It was a tradition that after a significant person dies, the government will choose a posthumous name to summarise his/her life, and the later generations normally call this person by this posthumous name instead of the real name. Xian was the posthumous name of this duke of Jin, and it has been his most well-known name.
7 มกราคม 2015
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Geschichten zu chinesischen Redensarten (Teil 3) 开天辟地 kāi tiān pì dì
Vor langer Zeit, als unser Kosmos noch nicht da war, war die Welt ein eiförmiges Chaos. Darin schlief der erste und originale Vorfahr der Menschheit, Pangu. Er hatte achtzehn tausend Jahre lang geschlafen und dann wachte er auf. Er befand sich in einem runden Ding wie ein Ei. Er kickte und schlug das Ei auf. Zusammen mit einem ohrenbetäubenden Knall explodierte das Ei.
Die Sachen, die leicht und klar waren, schwebte auf, um den Himmel zu formen, und die schwere und getrübte Substanz sedimentierte, deshalb nahm die Erde feste Gestalt an, damit sich alle Richtungen formte.
Pangu stand auf. Er schob den Himmel, um ihn von der Erde weiter zu trennen. Es schien jedoch, dass die Welt zur Form des Eis zurückgehen wollte, deshalb musste Pangu zwischen dem Himmel und der Erde weiter stehen und schieben. Nach einem anderen achtzehn Jahrtausenden wurde Pangu zu einem neunzig Li hohen Gigant, und der Himmel und die Erde wurden endlich stetig sein.
Weil Pangu sehr müde war, er legte sich hin, um zu schlafen. Er starb in einem Traum. Ehe er starb, dachte er, „Schade! Ich kann nicht mehr schönen Sachen und Kreaturen mit meinen eigenen Händen schaffen. Ich lasse dann meinen Körper für diese Welt hinter.“
Daher änderte sich sein Körper. Sein linkes Auge verwandelte sich in die Sonne, sein rechtes Auge in den Mond, seine Haare in die Sterne, seine Gliedmaßen in die Berge, seine Muskeln in die Böden, seine Venen in die Wege, seine Knochen in die Bodenschätze, sein Blut in die Meere und Flüsse, seine Schweiße in die Wolken und den Regen, sein Atem in den Wind, seine Körperhaare in die Bäume und seine Seele in die Kreaturen.
开天辟地 kāi tiān pì dì: Die Separation des Himmels und der Erde; der Anfang der Geschichte; Epoche zu machen; etwas Großartiges und Beispielloses
Hinweis: lǐ (里) ist eine traditionelle chinesische Entfernungseinheit, die jetzt eine genormte Länge von einem halben Kilometer hat.
5 มกราคม 2015
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(Chinese idiom stories 3) 开天辟地kāi tiān pì dì
Long long ago, when our universe hadn’t started yet, the world was an egg-shaped chaos. Inside it slept the very first and original forefather of humans, Pangu. He slept for eighteen thousand years, then he woke up and found himself inside a round thing like an egg. He kicked and punched the egg open. Along with a deafening boom the egg exploded.
The matter that was light and clear floated up to form the blue sky, and the heavy and turbid material subsided so the earth took shape. Thus all the directions were formed.
Pangu stood up, pushing the sky and the earth further apart. However it seemed that the world wanted to return to the form of an egg, therefore Pangu had to keep standing between the sky and the earth and continue pushing. After another eighteen thousand years, Pangu had grown to be a giant, who was ninety thousand li tall, and the sky and the earth finally stayed still permanently.
Being exhausted, Pangu lay down to sleep, and he died in a dream. Before he died, he thought, “It’s a pity that I can’t create more beautiful things and creatures with my own hands. Then I’ll leave my body to this world.”
Thus his body changed. His left eye turned into the sun, his right eye the moon, his hair the stars, his limbs the mountains, his muscles the soil, his veins the roads, his bones the minerals, his blood the oceans and rivers, his sweat the clouds and rains, his breath the wind, his body hair the trees and his soul the creatures.
开天辟地 kāi tiān pì dì: the separation of heaven and earth; the beginning of history; making an epoch; something great and unprecedented.
Note: lǐ (里) is a traditional Chinese unit of distance, which now has a standardised length of half a kilometre.
5 มกราคม 2015
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Geschichten zu chinesischen Redensarten (Teil 2) 卧薪尝胆wò xīn cháng dǎn
Es waren einmal zwei Nachbarkönigreiche, Wu und Yue. Wu hat Yue geschlagen. Fuchai, der König von Wu, hat Goujian, den König von Yue, gefangengenommen, damit er als Sklave dient.
Von einem König zu einem Sklaven, fühlte Goujian sich natürlich unvorstellbar erniedrigt. Aber er hat 3 Jahre lang klaglos die Pflicht erfüllt. Fuchai war endlich überzeugt, dass Goujian vor ihm total kuschte, deshalb hat er Goujian freigelassen.
Goujian spielte weite vor, dass er Fuchai willfährig war, aber im geheimen arbeitete er extrem fleißig. Um immer willensstark zu sein, schlief er jede Nacht auf dem kratzigen Reisig. Außerdem hing er in seinem Zimmer eine Gallenblase auf, um sie jeden Tag zu lecken. Er ordnete sogar seiner Königin an, dass sie zusammen mit den Bürgern Feldarbeit machen sollte. Auf diesem Weg hat Goujian den Staat sehr gut gegiert, sodass Yue schnell starker als Wu wurde.
Am Ende griffen Goujian und seine Armee Wu an und endlich hat er Wu annektiert.
卧薪尝胆wò xīn cháng dǎn: auf Brennholz zu liegen und eine Gallenblase zu schmecken – das selbstgestellte Elend zu ertragen, damit sich in seinem Vorsatz bestärken, um ein Ziel zu erreichen
Postskriptum: anbei ein Foto, das ich im Hubei Provinzmuseum, China geschossen habe. Es ist das legendäre Schwert des Goujian, des Königs von Yue, (regierte 496 – 465 v. Chr.). Es ist noch sehr scharf. Das Muster und die Inschriften auf der Klinge sind noch klar zu erkennen.
4 มกราคม 2015
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(Chinese idiom stories 2) 卧薪尝胆wò xīn cháng dǎn
Once upon a time there were two neighbouring Kingdoms, Wu and Yue. Wu had Yue defeated. Fuchai, the king of Wu, captured Goujian, the king of Yue, to make him a slave.
From a king to a slave, Goujian naturally felt unimaginable humiliated. However he had this task fulfilled for 3 years without complaint. Fuchai was finally convinced that Goujian had totally succumbed to him, so he released Goujian.
Goujian continued to act as if he still submitted himself to Fuchai, but he was working extremely hard secretly. In order to make himself always strong-willed, every night he slept on the hard and scratchy brushwood. What’s more, he had a gallbladder hanged in his room, in order to lick it every day. He even ordered his queen to work along with his people on the farm. In this way Goujian had his kingdom managed so well, that Yue became quickly stronger than Wu.
In the end Goujian and his army attacked Wu and finally swallowed it up.
卧薪尝胆wò xīn cháng dǎn: to lie on brushwood and taste gall – to undergo self-imposed hardships so as to strengthen one’s resolve to accomplish one’s ambitions.
p.s: below is a picture I took in Hubei Provincial Museum, China. It is the legendary sword of Goujian, king of Yue (reigned 496–465 BC). It is still very sharp. The patterns and the inscription on the blade are still clear.
4 มกราคม 2015
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(Chinesische Idiom-Geschichten 1) 自相矛盾 zì xiāng máo dùn
Es war einmal ein Waffenhändler in Chu. Eines Tages ging er auf den Markt, um seine Speere und Schilde zu verkaufen. Er hielt einen seiner Schilde hoch und schrie, „Meine Schilde sind am stärksten auf der ganzen Welt. Kein Speer, ganz gleich wie scharf er ist, kann sie durchdringen!“ Dann hielt er einen Speer und rief aus, “Meine Speere sind am schärfsten auf der Welt. Sie können alles brechen, egal wie stark (kann ich hier „fest“ benutzen?) es ist!“ Viele Leute wurden von seinen Speeren und Schilden angezogen.
„Dieser Speer kann alles brechen?“ fragte einer der Zuschauer. Er nahm einen Speer zur Hand.
Der Waffenhändler nickte.
„Nichts kann diesen Schild brechen?“ Der Zuschauer hob dann einen Schild auf und fragte.
Der Waffenhändler nickte wieder.
„Dann was wird passieren, wenn ich deinen Schild mit deinem Speer durchzudringen versuche.“
Er Waffenhändler war sprachlos.
自相矛盾 zì xiāng máo dùn: sich selbst zu widersprechen
Hinweis: Chu war einer der Staaten während der Frühling und Herbst (770-476 v. Chr.) und Streitenden Reiche (475-221 v. Chr.) Zeiten in der chinesischen Geschichte.
4 มกราคม 2015
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(Chinese idiom stories 1) 自相矛盾 zì xiāng máo dùn
Once upon a time there was a weapon seller in Chu. One day he went to the market to sell his spears and shields. He held up a shield and cried, “My shields are the strongest in the world. No spear, no matter how sharp it is, can penetrate them!” Then he held up a spear and shouted, “My spears are the sharpest in the world. They can break everything, no matter how hard it is!” Many people were drawn to see his spears and shields.
“This spear can break everything?” asked one of the onlookers, picking up one of the spears.
The weapon seller nodded.
“Nothing can break this shield?” The onlooker then picked up one of the shields and asked,
The weapon seller nodded again.
“Then what will happen when I try to penetrate your shield with your spear?”
The weapon seller was struck dumb.
自相矛盾 zì xiāng máo dùn: to contradict oneself; to beat oneself with one's own staff
Note: Chu was one of the many nations during the Spring and Autumn (770-476 BC) and Warring States (475-221 BC) periods in Chinese history.
4 มกราคม 2015
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IELTS writing task 2 answer (32) (can online museums and art galleries replace real ones?)
Question:
"Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be needed because people can see historical objects and works of art by using a computer. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?"
Answer:
It is true that visitors to virtual museums and galleries have outnumbered those visiting real exhibitions. Although I acknowledge that it would be more convenient to view online exhibits, I do not agree that real museums and galleries will be replaced.
Indeed, online museums and galleries offer services which cannot be provided by real ones. One advantage is that these websites are open all day and provide free admission. They also make information about exhibits easily accessible, compared to those crowded real museums and galleries, where it is difficult for visitors to spend considerable time on every exhibit. These are the reasons why the position of real museums and galleries are undermined to some extent.
On the other hand, the demolition of real museums and galleries will erode a culture as well as citizens’ sense of identity. Only by visiting real museums and galleries can people view cultural relics and artworks with their own eyes. This experience makes people realise the profoundness of their own culture. However, as exhibits are now available in websites around the world, people will eventually ignore these exhibits’ origin and cultural implications. This is dangerous to cultural preservation.
In addition, if real museums and galleries are demolished, governments will lose a part of revenue. Many buildings now serving as museums and galleries are the landmarks of the cities, such as the Palace Museum of Beijing. This is why many of them are an important component of a nation’s tourists industry, attracting countless tourists from abroad every year. The demolition of these museums and galleries may damage a country’s economy.
In conclusion, although online museums and galleries are more convenient in some ways, I believe that the real ones play a vital part in cultural protection and can generate revenue, so they should not be replaced.
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IELTS writing task 2 answer (31) (does space exploration worth large budgets?)
Question:
"Some people believe that the government spends too much money on developing space exploration technology. There are many others financial needs that the government should address instead. To what extent do you agree or disagree?"
Answer:
Whether governments should pool resources on space research is a controversial issue. I would argue that space technology is of importance. However, governments should make sure that sufficient budgets are spent to improve citizens’ well-being.
The technologies that we develop for space exploration can be used to solve many problems on Earth. Scientists believe that under non-Earth circumstances, such as zero gravity and certain level of radiation from other planets, unusual physical and chemical changes will take place. This is why many experiments need to be conducted on space ships, in order to achieve findings that we cannot obtain on Earth. NASA has already achieved some discoveries of cancer utilising space technologies.
In addition, space exploration may save mankind in the future. Human societies have been long since developing at the cost of the environment. We have been depleting natural resources, plus there has been a major explosion of world’s population in the last hundred years. Therefore, it is not unpredictable that Earth’s inhabitants will face more problems than we can solve. If we find ways to transport a part of world’s population to other liveable planets like one of Saturn's moons, Titan, these problems may be tackled.
However, before allocating budgets into spaces projects, governments should consider their citizens basic welfare. Policy makers should ensure that infrastructures, which are directly related to people’s living standards, can receive adequate funding. It is obviously unwise for impoverished nations to give out enormous funds to develop space technologies when the majority of citizens are struggling with famine, natural disasters, lack of education and diseases.
In conclusion, I believe that authorities should indeed subsidise infrastructures to guarantee citizens’ living quality. On this premise, large budgets should go to space projects because they are beneficial to human beings.
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