Very sorry to ask native English speakers for help but very much thank you/them ( sorry I don't know whether I use the word "them" or "you" to refer to "native English speakers here)

The following are all simple sentences related to concessive clause, but which make be at a loss in understanding which is grammatically correct.

1a. Children that they were, they knew what was the right thing to do.
2. Children that they were, they knew what the right thing to do was.
3. Child that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
4. Child that he is, he knows what was the right thing to do.
5. Naked man that I was, I braved the storm.
6. Naked men that they were, they braved the storm.
7. Child as/though he is, he is two meters tall.
8. Clever though the child is, he is two meters tall.
9. Clever as he was not, the man could solve that complex problem.
10. Clever that he was not, the man could solve that complex problem.
11. More clever as he was, he still did not solve the mystery.
12. They solved very difficult problem,
very clever that they were.
13. They still did not solve the very difficult problem, clever that they were not.
Question:
Which is grammatically correct?

Question

Very sorry to ask native English speakers for help but very much thank you/them  ( sorry I don't know whether I use the word "them" or "you"  to refer to "native English speakers here)

The following are all simple sentences  related to concessive clause, but which make be at a loss in understanding which is grammatically correct.

1a. Children that they were, they knew what was the right thing to do.
2. Children that they were, they knew what the right thing to do was.
3.  Child that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
4. Child that he is,  he knows what was the right thing to do.
5. Naked man that I was, I braved the storm.
6. Naked men that they were,  they  braved the storm.
7. Child as/though he is, he is two meters tall.
8.  Clever though the child is, he is two meters tall.
9.  Clever as he was not, the man could solve that complex problem.
10. Clever that he was not, the man could solve that complex problem.
11.  More clever as he was,  he still did not solve the mystery.
12.  They solved very difficult problem, 
very clever that they were.
13.  They still did not solve the very difficult problem,  clever that they were not.
Question:
Which is grammatically correct?

Answer

There's no need to apologize, this site is intended for questions.  In my opinion:

Firstly, I wouldn't say these are all simple sentences; some of them are rather complicated.

1 - 4   probably ok grammatically.
5 - 8   maybe ok grammatically, but strange sentences, unlikely to be used by native speakers.
9 - 13  very unnatural sentences, which I'm pretty sure are grammatically incorrect as well.

Answer

Hello!
8. Does not make logical sense. What does height have to do with intelligence? 
9. is grammatically incorrect. "as X is/was not" is incorrect. It would be "As he was not clever," and this would be a reason clause. 
10. Incorrect. Even if we try to correct it, with "not," there is no concessive idea. You want "Clever though he was," or "Although he was clever."
11. The comparative of "clever" should be "cleverer," not "more clever."
12. "very clever that they were" is incorrect. You want "as they were very clever" (or "because," or "since") 
13. "clever that they were not" is incorrect. If you want a concessive idea, the two pieces of information must be unexpected or surprising. when taken together. It would not be surprising if people who were not clever could not solve a problem. Your sentence looks like it has an incorrect reason clause. To correct this to a proper reason clause, you can have this: 
...since they were not clever. 
For a concessive clause:
...though they were clever / clever as they were.

It seems that you are often using "that" instead of "though." Be careful about that. 
I think you would benefit from having a lesson with me on this topic. Feel free to book at your convenience!