Catch you later is used in Britain too. Also ... catch up with you later.

It's also used in Australia. We have other crass variations such as "scratch you later" and "cop you later". (I'm sure the other English-speaking countries have thought along the same lines! We probably contracted it from them.)

Yes, "catch you later" (informal) is the same as "see you later" (a little more formal). Sometimes we might even just say "Later", which is VERY informal.

'Catch you later' is also used in Canada.