Yes, 'broer' just means brother, and 'broeder' old-fashioned way to say it, or in a christian environment (just like the word 'zuster' for 'zus' (sister)), and sometimes it is used (for example rappers do this) to mean 'very good friend'.
I have only heard the word 'gebroeders' in plural to name a couple of brothers, like 'de gebroeders Leeuwenhard' (the two brothers with name 'Leeuwenhard') or 'De gebroeders Karamazov' or 'De gebroeders Coen' (the Coen's Brothers) - and I think people still use this (although not very frequent)