I don't think the difference is so significant, but here it is.
1. 아직 - "yet". Sounds casual, like speaking of something freshly brought up. Used more in negative phrases.
2. 아직까지 - "till now; up to this point". Used for something that has been happening or anticipated for a while.
But the difference is not that important, and many people seem to use them interchangeably.
You can also add 도 to both words to strengthen the meaning.
Some example:
A: 너 숙제 다 했니? = Have you done your homework?
B: 아니요, 아직 안 했어요. = No, not yet.
A: 아까부터 한다더니 아직도[아직까지(도)] 안했어? = After saying you would so many times, you still haven't?
A: 축구 시합 끝났어? = Is the soccer game over?
B: 아니, 아직까지 [아직도] 해. = No, it's still going on.
- 아직 한국어를 공부해요 / 공부하고 있어요 = I am still studying Korean.
- 아직까지도 한국어를 공부해요 / 공부하고 있어요 = (in effect) I still haven't given up on studying Korean.
I don't think using 아직 in your example is wrong or strange. It just sounds more casual and light.